diff --git a/qse/cmd/scm/scm.c b/qse/cmd/scm/scm.c
index c807c9c0..f2d84993 100644
--- a/qse/cmd/scm/scm.c
+++ b/qse/cmd/scm/scm.c
@@ -223,18 +223,23 @@ int scm_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 		qse_scm_io_t io = { get_input, put_output };
 		qse_scm_attachio (scm, &io);
 	}
-
 
-
-{
-   int i;
-   for (i = 0; i<200; i++) 
+
+
+{
+   int i;
+   for (i = 0; i<2; i++) 
 pio1 (QSE_T("pstat.exe /c"), QSE_PIO_READOUT|QSE_PIO_WRITEIN|/*QSE_PIO_SHELL|*/QSE_PIO_DROPERR, QSE_PIO_OUT);   
 }
 
+{
+	qse_printf (QSE_T("%d\n"), (int)qse_strspn (QSE_T("abcdefg"), QSE_T("cdab")));
+	qse_printf (QSE_T("%d\n"), (int)qse_strcspn (QSE_T("abcdefg"), QSE_T("fg")));
+}
+
 {
 qse_scm_ent_t* x1, * x2;
-
+
 qse_printf (QSE_T("QSESCM> "));
 x1 = qse_scm_read (scm);
 if (x1 == QSE_NULL)
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/mem.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/mem.h
index 7e2ba46a..bfe0b3d9 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/mem.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/mem.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * $Id: mem.h 375 2010-11-30 11:35:28Z hyunghwan.chung $
+ * $Id: mem.h 407 2011-03-23 02:21:14Z hyunghwan.chung $
  *
     Copyright 2006-2009 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
     This file is part of QSE.
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@
 /** 
  * The QSE_MMGR_GETDFL() macro returns the default memory manager.
  */
-#define QSE_MMGR_GETDFL()  (qse_mmgr)
+#define QSE_MMGR_GETDFL()  qse_getdflmmgr()
 
 /**
  * The QSE_MMGR_SETDFL() macro changes the default memory manager.
  */
-#define QSE_MMGR_SETDFL(m) ((qse_mmgr)=(m))
+#define QSE_MMGR_SETDFL(m) qse_setdflmmgr(m)
 
 /**
  * The QSE_MMGR_ALLOC() macro allocates a memory block of the @a size bytes
@@ -187,6 +187,22 @@ void* qse_memrmem (
 	qse_size_t  nl   /**< number of bytes in the block */
 );
 
+/**
+ * The qse_getdflmmgr() function returns the default memory manager.
+ */
+qse_mmgr_t* qse_getdflmmgr (
+	void
+);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_setdflmmgr() function changes the default memory manager.
+ * If mmgr is #QSE_NULL, the memory manager is set to the builtin
+ * default.
+ */
+void qse_setdflmmgr (
+	qse_mmgr_t* mmgr
+);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h
index 0cf442a5..56c7da80 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * $Id: str.h 406 2011-03-21 14:03:01Z hyunghwan.chung $
+ * $Id: str.h 407 2011-03-23 02:21:14Z hyunghwan.chung $
  *
     Copyright 2006-2009 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
     This file is part of QSE.
@@ -625,6 +625,34 @@ qse_char_t* qse_strxnend (
 	qse_size_t        len2
 );
 
+qse_size_t qse_mbsspn (
+	const qse_mchar_t* str1,
+	const qse_mchar_t* str2
+);
+
+qse_size_t qse_wcsspn (
+	const qse_wchar_t* str1,
+	const qse_wchar_t* str2
+);
+
+qse_size_t qse_mbscspn (
+	const qse_mchar_t* str1,
+	const qse_mchar_t* str2
+);
+
+qse_size_t qse_wcscspn (
+	const qse_wchar_t* str1,
+	const qse_wchar_t* str2
+);
+
+#ifdef QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
+#	define qse_strspn(str1,str2) qse_mbsspn(str1,str2)
+#	define qse_strcspn(str1,str2) qse_mbscspn(str1,str2)
+#else
+#	define qse_strspn(str1,str2) qse_wcsspn(str1,str2)
+#	define qse_strcspn(str1,str2) qse_wcscspn(str1,str2)
+#endif
+
 /* 
  * string conversion
  */
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/conf_os2.h b/qse/include/qse/conf_os2.h
index c2c27d32..6f859e7a 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/conf_os2.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/conf_os2.h
@@ -14,14 +14,21 @@
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
 
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public 
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
     License along with QSE. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
-/* OS/2 for other platforms than x86? 
- * If so, the endian should be defined selectively 
+/* OS/2 for other platforms than x86?
+ * If so, the endian should be defined selectively
+ */
+#define QSE_ENDIAN_LITTLE
+
+/*
+ * You must define which character type to use as a default character here.
+ *
+ * #define QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR
+ * #define QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
  */
-#define QSE_ENDIAN_LITTLE 
 
 #if defined(__WATCOMC__)
 #	define QSE_SIZEOF_CHAR        1
@@ -41,18 +48,12 @@
 #	define QSE_SIZEOF___INT32     4
 #	define QSE_SIZEOF___INT64     8
 #	define QSE_SIZEOF___INT128    0
+#
+#	define QSE_SIZEOF_OFF64_T     0
+#	define QSE_SIZEOF_OFF_T       8
+#
+#	define QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR
 #else
 #	error Define the size of various data types.
 #endif
 
-#define QSE_SIZEOF_OFF64_T 0
-#define QSE_SIZEOF_OFF_T   8
-
-/*
- * OS/2 does not have wchar_t(Unicode) friendly APIs unlike Windows.
- * You must define which character type to use as a default character here.
- *
- * #define QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR
- * #define QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
- */
-#define QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
index 875f7412..67b0b9d1 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ lib_LTLIBRARIES = libqsecmn.la
 libqsecmn_la_SOURCES = \
 	syscall.h mem.h \
 	mem.c xma.c fma.c chr.c chr_cnv.c rex.c \
-	str_bas.c str_cnv.c str_dyn.c str_utl.c \
+	str_bas.c str_cnv.c str_dyn.c str_spn.c str_utl.c \
 	lda.c oht.c htb.c rbt.c sll.c gdl.c dll.c opt.c \
 	tio.c tio_get.c tio_put.c \
 	fio.c pio.c sio.c \
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
index 1f822a4e..d43f105e 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ am__installdirs = "$(DESTDIR)$(libdir)"
 LTLIBRARIES = $(lib_LTLIBRARIES)
 libqsecmn_la_DEPENDENCIES =
 am_libqsecmn_la_OBJECTS = mem.lo xma.lo fma.lo chr.lo chr_cnv.lo \
-	rex.lo str_bas.lo str_cnv.lo str_dyn.lo str_utl.lo lda.lo \
+	rex.lo str_bas.lo str_cnv.lo str_dyn.lo str_spn.lo str_utl.lo lda.lo \
 	oht.lo htb.lo rbt.lo sll.lo gdl.lo dll.lo opt.lo tio.lo \
 	tio_get.lo tio_put.lo fio.lo pio.lo sio.lo alg_search.lo \
 	alg_sort.lo time.lo misc.lo assert.lo main.lo stdio.lo
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ lib_LTLIBRARIES = libqsecmn.la $(am__append_1)
 libqsecmn_la_SOURCES = \
 	syscall.h mem.h \
 	mem.c xma.c fma.c chr.c chr_cnv.c rex.c \
-	str_bas.c str_cnv.c str_dyn.c str_utl.c \
+	str_bas.c str_cnv.c str_dyn.c str_spn.c str_utl.c \
 	lda.c oht.c htb.c rbt.c sll.c gdl.c dll.c opt.c \
 	tio.c tio_get.c tio_put.c \
 	fio.c pio.c sio.c \
@@ -385,6 +385,7 @@ distclean-compile:
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/str_bas.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/str_cnv.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/str_dyn.Plo@am__quote@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/str_spn.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/str_utl.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/time.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/tio.Plo@am__quote@
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/mem.c b/qse/lib/cmn/mem.c
index ffa12bf1..fbc209ed 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/mem.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/mem.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * $Id: mem.c 287 2009-09-15 10:01:02Z hyunghwan.chung $
+ * $Id: mem.c 407 2011-03-23 02:21:14Z hyunghwan.chung $
  *
     Copyright 2006-2009 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
     This file is part of QSE.
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ static void mmgr_free (void* data, void* ptr)
         free (ptr);
 }
 
-static qse_mmgr_t mmgr =
+static qse_mmgr_t builtin_mmgr =
 {
 	mmgr_alloc,
 	mmgr_realloc,
@@ -438,4 +438,14 @@ static qse_mmgr_t mmgr =
 	QSE_NULL
 };
 
-qse_mmgr_t* qse_mmgr = &mmgr;
+static qse_mmgr_t* dfl_mmgr = &builtin_mmgr;
+
+qse_mmgr_t* qse_getdflmmgr ()
+{
+	return dfl_mmgr;
+}
+
+void qse_setdflmmgr (qse_mmgr_t* mmgr)
+{
+	dfl_mmgr = (mmgr? mmgr: &builtin_mmgr);
+}
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c b/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c
index 0bbbcab2..3b734824 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * $Id: pio.c 405 2011-03-21 14:01:10Z hyunghwan.chung $
+ * $Id: pio.c 407 2011-03-23 02:21:14Z hyunghwan.chung $
  *
     Copyright 2006-2009 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
     This file is part of QSE.
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 		 * handle[0] inherited. set the flag not to inherit handle[1]. */
 		if (DosSetFHState (handle[1], OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT) != NO_ERROR) goto oops;
 
-		/* Need to do somthing like this to set the flag instead? 
+		/* Need to do somthing like this to set the flag instead? 
 		ULONG state;               
 		DosQueryFHState (handle[1], &state);
 		DosSetFHState (handle[1], state | OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT); */
@@ -467,37 +467,37 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 		cmd_file = QSE_MT("cmd.exe");
 	}
 	else
-	{
-		qse_mchar_t* mptr;
-
-	#ifdef QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
-		qse_size_t mn = qse_strlen(cmd);
-		cmd_line = qse_strdup2 (cmd, QSE_T(" "), pio->mmgr);
+	{
+		qse_mchar_t* mptr;
+
+	#ifdef QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
+		qse_size_t mn = qse_strlen(cmd);
+		cmd_line = qse_strdup2 (cmd, QSE_T(" "), pio->mmgr);
 		if (cmd_line == QSE_NULL) goto oops;
-	#else   
-		qse_size_t n, mn;
-		n = qse_wcstombslen (cmd, &mn);
-		if (cmd[n] != QSE_T('\0')) goto oops; /* illegal sequence in cmd */
-
-		mn = mn + 1;
-		cmd_line = QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (pio->mmgr, mn * QSE_SIZEOF(qse_char_t));
-		if (cmd_line == QSE_NULL) goto oops;
-  
+	#else   
+		qse_size_t n, mn;
+		n = qse_wcstombslen (cmd, &mn);
+		if (cmd[n] != QSE_T('\0')) goto oops; /* illegal sequence in cmd */
+
+		mn = mn + 1;
+		cmd_line = QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (pio->mmgr, mn * QSE_SIZEOF(qse_char_t));
+		if (cmd_line == QSE_NULL) goto oops;
+  
 		qse_wcstombs (cmd, cmd_line, &mn);
-	#endif
-
-		/* TODO: enhance this part by:
-		 *          supporting file names containing whitespaces.
-		 *          detecting the end of the file name better.
-		 *          doing better parsing of the command line.
-		 */
-
-		/* NOTE: you must separate the command name and the parameters with 
-		 *       a space. "pstat.exe /c" is ok while "pstat.exe/c" is not. */
-		mptr = qse_mbschr (cmd_line, QSE_MT(' '));
-		if (mptr) *mptr = QSE_MT('\0');
-		cmd_line[mn+1] = QSE_MT('\0'); /* the second '\0' at the end */
-		cmd_file = cmd_line;
+	#endif
+
+		/* TODO: enhance this part by:
+		 *          supporting file names containing whitespaces.
+		 *          detecting the end of the file name better.
+		 *          doing better parsing of the command line.
+		 */
+
+		/* NOTE: you must separate the command name and the parameters with 
+		 *       a space. "pstat.exe /c" is ok while "pstat.exe/c" is not. */
+		mptr = qse_mbschr (cmd_line, QSE_MT(' '));
+		if (mptr) *mptr = QSE_MT('\0');
+		cmd_line[mn+1] = QSE_MT('\0'); /* the second '\0' at the end */
+		cmd_file = cmd_line;
 	}
 
 	/* execute the command line */
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 				/* no field or an error */
 				goto child_oops;
 			}
-			
+			
 			/* calculate the length of the string after splitting */
 			for (wl = 0, n = fcnt; n > 0; )
 			{
@@ -707,8 +707,8 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 			n = qse_wcsntombsnlen (wcmd, wl, &mn);
 			if (n != wl) goto child_oops;
 		}
-
-		/* prepare to reserve 1 more slot for the terminating '\0'
+
+		/* prepare to reserve 1 more slot for the terminating '\0'
 		 * by incrementing mn by 1. */
 		mn = mn + 1;
 
diff --git a/qse/watcom/debug/os2/lib/cmn/qsecmn.tgt b/qse/watcom/debug/os2/lib/cmn/qsecmn.tgt
index e88b23f5..954b12ef 100755
--- a/qse/watcom/debug/os2/lib/cmn/qsecmn.tgt
+++ b/qse/watcom/debug/os2/lib/cmn/qsecmn.tgt
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ WVList
 0
 10
 WPickList
-35
+36
 11
 MItem
 3
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ WVList
 119
 MItem
 32
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\str_utl.c
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\str_spn.c
 120
 WString
 4
@@ -547,8 +547,8 @@ WVList
 0
 123
 MItem
-29
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\time.c
+32
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\str_utl.c
 124
 WString
 4
@@ -565,8 +565,8 @@ WVList
 0
 127
 MItem
-28
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio.c
+29
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\time.c
 128
 WString
 4
@@ -583,8 +583,8 @@ WVList
 0
 131
 MItem
-32
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio_get.c
+28
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio.c
 132
 WString
 4
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ WVList
 135
 MItem
 32
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio_put.c
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio_get.c
 136
 WString
 4
@@ -619,8 +619,8 @@ WVList
 0
 139
 MItem
-28
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\xma.c
+32
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio_put.c
 140
 WString
 4
@@ -637,26 +637,26 @@ WVList
 0
 143
 MItem
-3
-*.h
+28
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\xma.c
 144
 WString
-3
-NIL
+4
+COBJ
 145
 WVList
 0
 146
 WVList
 0
--1
+11
 1
 1
 0
 147
 MItem
-28
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\mem.h
+3
+*.h
 148
 WString
 3
@@ -667,14 +667,14 @@ WVList
 150
 WVList
 0
-143
+-1
 1
 1
 0
 151
 MItem
-32
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\syscall.h
+28
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\mem.h
 152
 WString
 3
@@ -685,7 +685,25 @@ WVList
 154
 WVList
 0
-143
+147
+1
+1
+0
+155
+MItem
+32
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\syscall.h
+156
+WString
+3
+NIL
+157
+WVList
+0
+158
+WVList
+0
+147
 1
 1
 0
diff --git a/qse/watcom/qse.wpj b/qse/watcom/qse.wpj
index 9caa9f13..96b863ca 100755
--- a/qse/watcom/qse.wpj
+++ b/qse/watcom/qse.wpj
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ projectIdent
 VpeMain
 1
 WRect
-610
-213
+680
+400
 9320
 9120
 2
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ VComponent
 18
 WRect
 90
-693
+680
 5700
 4240
 1
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ VComponent
 21
 WRect
 2100
-853
+840
 5700
 4240
 1
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ WRect
 590
 520
 5700
-4253
+4240
 1
 0
 25
@@ -121,17 +121,17 @@ VComponent
 27
 WRect
 430
-333
+320
 5700
-4253
+4240
 0
 0
 28
 WFileName
 28
 debug/os2/lib/cmn/qsecmn.tgt
-0
-0
+19
+27
 29
 VComponent
 30
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ WRect
 1050
 1800
 5700
-4253
+4240
 0
 0
 31
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ VComponent
 33
 WRect
 2680
-2093
+2080
 5700
-4253
+4240
 0
 0
 34
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ WRect
 0
 0
 5700
-4253
+4240
 0
 0
 37
@@ -180,4 +180,4 @@ WFileName
 debug/os2/cmd/scm/qsescm.tgt
 0
 1
-35
+26
diff --git a/qse/watcom/release/os2/lib/cmn/qsecmn.tgt b/qse/watcom/release/os2/lib/cmn/qsecmn.tgt
index 20bd7e52..8ecbb688 100755
--- a/qse/watcom/release/os2/lib/cmn/qsecmn.tgt
+++ b/qse/watcom/release/os2/lib/cmn/qsecmn.tgt
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ WVList
 0
 10
 WPickList
-35
+36
 11
 MItem
 3
@@ -594,47 +594,47 @@ WVList
 135
 MItem
 32
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\str_utl.c
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\str_spn.c
 136
 WString
 4
 COBJ
 137
 WVList
-1
-138
-MVState
-139
-WString
-3
-WCC
-140
-WString
-25
-o?2??Include directories:
-1
-141
-WString
-54
-"$(%watcom)/h;$(%watcom)/h/os2;..\..\..\..\..\include"
 0
-142
+138
 WVList
 0
 11
 1
 1
 0
-143
+139
 MItem
-29
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\time.c
-144
+32
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\str_utl.c
+140
 WString
 4
 COBJ
-145
+141
 WVList
+1
+142
+MVState
+143
+WString
+3
+WCC
+144
+WString
+25
+o?2??Include directories:
+1
+145
+WString
+54
+"$(%watcom)/h;$(%watcom)/h/os2;..\..\..\..\..\include"
 0
 146
 WVList
@@ -645,8 +645,8 @@ WVList
 0
 147
 MItem
-28
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio.c
+29
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\time.c
 148
 WString
 4
@@ -663,8 +663,8 @@ WVList
 0
 151
 MItem
-32
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio_get.c
+28
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio.c
 152
 WString
 4
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ WVList
 155
 MItem
 32
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio_put.c
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio_get.c
 156
 WString
 4
@@ -699,8 +699,8 @@ WVList
 0
 159
 MItem
-28
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\xma.c
+32
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\tio_put.c
 160
 WString
 4
@@ -717,26 +717,26 @@ WVList
 0
 163
 MItem
-3
-*.h
+28
+..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\xma.c
 164
 WString
-3
-NIL
+4
+COBJ
 165
 WVList
 0
 166
 WVList
 0
--1
+11
 1
 1
 0
 167
 MItem
-28
-..\..\..\..\..\lib\cmn\mem.h
+3
+*.h
 168
 WString
 3
@@ -747,14 +747,14 @@ WVList
 170
 WVList
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@@ -765,7 +765,25 @@ WVList
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