diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Array.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Array.hpp
index a01f22a9..7894bb88 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Array.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Array.hpp
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ public:
 	}
 
 public:
-	Array (qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): Mmged(QSE_NULL)
+	Array (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr)
 	{
-		this->init_array (capacity);
+		this->init_array (DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
 	}
 
-	Array (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): Mmged(mmgr)
+	Array (qse_size_t capacity, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr)
 	{
 		this->init_array (capacity);
 	}
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/BinaryHeap.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/BinaryHeap.hpp
index 71d4c11d..9283437f 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/BinaryHeap.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/BinaryHeap.hpp
@@ -123,14 +123,14 @@ public:
 		INVALID_INDEX = ParentType::INVALID_INDEX
 	};
 
-	BinaryHeap (qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): ParentType (QSE_NULL, capacity) {}
+	BinaryHeap (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, mmgr) {}
 
-	BinaryHeap (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): ParentType (mmgr, capacity) {}
+	BinaryHeap (qse_size_t capacity, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(capacity, mmgr) {}
 
-	BinaryHeap (const SelfType& heap): ParentType (heap) {}
+	BinaryHeap (const SelfType& heap): ParentType(heap) {}
 
 #if defined(QSE_CPP_ENABLE_CPP11_MOVE)
-	BinaryHeap (SelfType&& heap): ParentType (QSE_CPP_RVREF(heap)) {}
+	BinaryHeap (SelfType&& heap): ParentType(QSE_CPP_RVREF(heap)) {}
 #endif
 
 	~BinaryHeap () {}
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashList.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashList.hpp
index 0158c137..a748fe59 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashList.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashList.hpp
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ private:
 				this->nodes[i] = QSE_NULL;
 			}
 
-			this->datum_list = new(this->getMmgr()) DatumList (this->getMmgr(), mpb_size);
+			this->datum_list = new(this->getMmgr()) DatumList(mpb_size, this->getMmgr());
 		}
 		catch (...) 
 		{
@@ -163,20 +163,14 @@ private:
 
 public:
 	HashList (
-		qse_size_t node_capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY, 
-		qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 
-		qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): Mmged(QSE_NULL)
+		Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr)
 	{
-		this->init_list (node_capacity, load_factor, mpb_size);
+		this->init_list (DEFAULT_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 0);
 	}
 
-	HashList (
-		Mmgr* mmgr,
-		qse_size_t node_capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY, 
-		qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 
-		qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): Mmged(mmgr)
+	HashList (qse_size_t node_capacity, qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr)
 	{
-		this->init_list (node_capacity, load_factor, mpb_size);
+		this->init_list (DEFAULT_CAPACITY, load_factor, mpb_size);
 	}
 
 	HashList (const SelfType& list): Mmged(list)
@@ -198,8 +192,7 @@ public:
 			}
 
 			// placement new
-			this->datum_list = new(list.getMmgr()) 
-				DatumList (list.getMmgr(), list.getMpool().getBlockSize());
+			this->datum_list = new(list.getMmgr()) DatumList(list.getMpool().getBlockSize(), list.getMmgr());
 		}
 		catch (...) 
 		{
@@ -675,7 +668,7 @@ protected:
 		// to be inserted are yielded off the original list and inserted
 		// without new allocation.
 		//SelfType temp (this->getMmgr(), this->_resizer(this->node_capacity), this->load_factor, mpool.getBlockSize());
-		SelfType temp (this->getMmgr(), this->_resizer(this->node_capacity, this->getGrowthPolicy()), this->load_factor, 0);
+		SelfType temp (this->_resizer(this->node_capacity, this->getGrowthPolicy()), this->load_factor, 0, this->getMmgr());
 		Node* p = this->datum_list->getHeadNode();
 		while (p)
 		{
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashTable.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashTable.hpp
index 5832cf06..22d9c232 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashTable.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashTable.hpp
@@ -121,18 +121,17 @@ public:
 		MIN_LOAD_FACTOR = PairList::MIN_LOAD_FACTOR
 	};
 
-	HashTable (qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY,
-	           qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR,
-	           qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
-		Mmged(QSE_NULL), pair_list(QSE_NULL, capacity, load_factor, mpb_size)
+	HashTable (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL):
+		Mmged(mmgr), pair_list(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 0, mmgr)
 	{
 	}
 
-	HashTable (Mmgr* mmgr,
-	           qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY,
+
+	HashTable (qse_size_t capacity,
 	           qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR,
-	           qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
-		Mmged(mmgr), pair_list(mmgr, capacity, load_factor, mpb_size)
+	           qse_size_t mpb_size = 0,
+	           Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL):
+		Mmged(mmgr), pair_list(capacity, load_factor, mpb_size, mmgr)
 	{
 	}
 
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HeapMmgr.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HeapMmgr.hpp
index 76a7be22..7a206e76 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HeapMmgr.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HeapMmgr.hpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 /// managed by another memory manager. 
 ///
 /// \code
-///   QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 30000);
+///   QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (30000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
 ///   QSE::LinkedList<int> int_list (&heap_mmgr);
 ///   int_list.append (10);
 ///   int_list.append (20);
@@ -49,11 +49,9 @@ QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 class QSE_EXPORT HeapMmgr: public Mmgr, public Mmged
 {
 public:
-	HeapMmgr (qse_size_t heap_size) QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT;
-
 	/// The constructor function accepts an memory manager \a mmgr that 
 	/// is used to create a heap of the size \a heap_size. 
-	HeapMmgr (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t heap_size) QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT;
+	HeapMmgr (qse_size_t heap_size, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL) QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT;
 
 	/// The destructor function frees the heap. Memory areas returned by
 	/// allocate(), reallocate(), allocMem(), reallocMem() are invalidated
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/LinkedList.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/LinkedList.hpp
index 649c892a..35989eed 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/LinkedList.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/LinkedList.hpp
@@ -211,16 +211,14 @@ public:
 		this->clear (true);
 	}
 
-	LinkedList (qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): 
-		Mmged(QSE_NULL), mp(QSE_NULL, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size)
+	LinkedList (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr), mp(QSE_NULL, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), 0)
 	{
 		this->node_count = 0;
 		this->head_node = QSE_NULL;
 		this->tail_node = QSE_NULL;
 	}
 
-	LinkedList (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): 
-		Mmged(mmgr), mp(mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size)
+	LinkedList (qse_size_t mpb_size, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr), mp(mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size)
 	{
 		this->node_count = 0;
 		this->head_node = QSE_NULL;
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTable.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTable.hpp
index cccd7284..cc011485 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTable.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTable.hpp
@@ -98,13 +98,11 @@ public:
 	typedef typename PairTree::ConstIterator ConstIterator;
 
 
-	RedBlackTable (qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
-		Mmged(QSE_NULL), pair_tree(QSE_NULL, mpb_size)
+	RedBlackTable (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr), pair_tree(mmgr, 0)
 	{
 	}
 
-	RedBlackTable (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
-		Mmged(mmgr), pair_tree(mmgr, mpb_size)
+	RedBlackTable (qse_size_t mpb_size, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr), pair_tree(mpb_size, mmgr)
 	{
 	}
 
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTree.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTree.hpp
index df6c1936..c93b8789 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTree.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTree.hpp
@@ -340,18 +340,17 @@ private:
 	}
 
 public:
-	RedBlackTree (qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
-		Mmged(QSE_NULL), mp(QSE_NULL, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size), node_count(0)
+	RedBlackTree (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr), mp(mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), 0), node_count(0)
 	{
 		this->init_tree ();
 	}
 
-	RedBlackTree (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
-		Mmged(mmgr), mp(mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size), node_count(0)
+	RedBlackTree (qse_size_t mpb_size, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): Mmged(mmgr), mp(QSE_NULL, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size), node_count(0)
 	{
 		this->init_tree ();
 	}
 
+
 	RedBlackTree (const SelfType& rbt): 
 		Mmged(rbt.getMmgr()),
 		mp(rbt.getMmgr(), rbt.mp.getDatumSize(), rbt.mp.getBlockSize()),
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/StdMmgr.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/StdMmgr.hpp
index 6e3ba268..a7ac316c 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/StdMmgr.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/StdMmgr.hpp
@@ -46,9 +46,11 @@ public:
 	void* reallocMem (void* ptr, qse_size_t n) QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT;
 	void freeMem (void* ptr) QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT;
 
+#if 0
 	/// The getInstance() function returns the stock instance of the StdMmgr
 	/// class.
 	static StdMmgr* getInstance () QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
 };
 
 /////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/String.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/String.hpp
index b9b37faa..7d3f3b1d 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/String.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/String.hpp
@@ -185,8 +185,7 @@ private:
 	typedef StrBase<qse_wchar_t, QSE_WT('\0'), WcStringOpset> ParentType;
 
 public:
-	WcString (): ParentType() {}
-	WcString (Mmgr* mmgr): ParentType(mmgr) {}
+	WcString (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(mmgr) {}
 	WcString (int capacity, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(capacity, mmgr) {}
 	WcString (qse_size_t capacity, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(capacity, mmgr) {}
 	WcString (const qse_wchar_t* str, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(str, mmgr) {}
@@ -217,8 +216,7 @@ private:
 	typedef StrBase<qse_mchar_t, QSE_MT('\0'), MbStringOpset> ParentType;
 
 public:
-	MbString (): ParentType() {}
-	MbString (Mmgr* mmgr): ParentType(mmgr) {}
+	MbString (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(mmgr) {}
 	MbString (int capacity, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(capacity, mmgr) {}
 	MbString (qse_size_t capacity, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(capacity, mmgr) {}
 	MbString (const qse_mchar_t* str, Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): ParentType(str, mmgr) {}
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/sttp/SttpCmd.hpp b/qse/include/qse/sttp/SttpCmd.hpp
index 084351da..fc598edc 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/sttp/SttpCmd.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/sttp/SttpCmd.hpp
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ class SttpCmd: public QSE::Array<QSE::String>
 {
 public:
 	SttpCmd (const qse_char_t* n = QSE_T(""), QSE::Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): 
-		QSE::Array<QSE::String>(mmgr, 20), name (n) {}
+		QSE::Array<QSE::String>(20, mmgr), name (n) {}
 
 	SttpCmd (const QSE::String& n, QSE::Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL): 
-		QSE::Array<QSE::String>(mmgr, 20), name (n) {}
+		QSE::Array<QSE::String>(20, mmgr), name (n) {}
 
 	qse_size_t getArgCount () const
 	{
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/HeapMmgr.cpp b/qse/lib/cmn/HeapMmgr.cpp
index 74521192..da2ba780 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/HeapMmgr.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/HeapMmgr.cpp
@@ -36,12 +36,7 @@ struct xma_xtn_t
 	HeapMmgr* heap;
 };
 
-HeapMmgr::HeapMmgr (qse_size_t heap_size) QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT:
-	Mmgr(), Mmged(QSE_NULL), xma(QSE_NULL), heap_size (heap_size)
-{
-}
-
-HeapMmgr::HeapMmgr (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t heap_size) QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT: 
+HeapMmgr::HeapMmgr (qse_size_t heap_size, Mmgr* mmgr) QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT: 
 	Mmgr(), Mmged(mmgr), xma(QSE_NULL), heap_size (heap_size)
 {
 }
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Mmgr.cpp b/qse/lib/cmn/Mmgr.cpp
index f499a167..d8a9f7ae 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Mmgr.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Mmgr.cpp
@@ -54,10 +54,26 @@ void* Mmgr::callocate (qse_size_t n, bool raise_exception) QSE_CPP_THREXCEPT1(Me
 	return ptr;
 }
 
-Mmgr* Mmgr::dfl_mmgr = StdMmgr::getInstance();
+#if 0
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+static StdMmgr __attribute__((init_priority(101))) std_dfl_mmgr;
+#else
+static StdMmgr std_dfl_mmgr;
+#endif
+Mmgr* Mmgr::dfl_mmgr = &std_dfl_mmgr;
+//Mmgr* Mmgr::dfl_mmgr = StdMmgr::getInstance();  <--- has an issue with initialization order
+#else
+// C++ initialization order across translation units are not defined.
+// so it's tricky to work around this... the init_priority attribute
+// can solve this problem. but it's compiler dependent. 
+// Mmgr::getDFL() resets dfl_mmgr to &std_dfl_mmgr if it's NULL.
+Mmgr* Mmgr::dfl_mmgr = QSE_NULL;
+#endif
 
 Mmgr* Mmgr::getDFL () QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT
 {
+	static StdMmgr std_dfl_mmgr;
+	if (!Mmgr::dfl_mmgr) Mmgr::dfl_mmgr = &std_dfl_mmgr;
 	return Mmgr::dfl_mmgr;
 }
 
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/StdMmgr.cpp b/qse/lib/cmn/StdMmgr.cpp
index 55229782..24dc40dc 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/StdMmgr.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/StdMmgr.cpp
@@ -47,11 +47,14 @@ void StdMmgr::freeMem (void* ptr) QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT
 	::free (ptr); 
 }
 
+
+#if 0
 StdMmgr* StdMmgr::getInstance () QSE_CPP_NOEXCEPT
 {
 	static StdMmgr DFL;
 	return &DFL;
 }
+#endif
 
 /////////////////////////////////
 QSE_END_NAMESPACE(QSE)
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/arr02.cpp b/qse/samples/cmn/arr02.cpp
index e9fe031d..7f52f94f 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/arr02.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/arr02.cpp
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ typedef  QSE::Array<PosStr> StrArray;
 
 int main ()
 {
-	//StrArray h (QSE_NULL, 100);
-	StrArray h (QSE_NULL, 15);
+	//StrArray h (100);
+	StrArray h (15);
 	char buf[20];
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/hl01.cpp b/qse/samples/cmn/hl01.cpp
index 43755515..7270ed5c 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/hl01.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/hl01.cpp
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ printf ("================\n");
 printf ("----------------------\n");
 #endif
 
-	//QSE::HashList<T> h (mmgr, 1000, 75, 1000);
-	QSE::HashList<T> h (mmgr, 1000, 75, 500);
+	//QSE::HashList<T> h (1000, 75, 1000, mmgr);
+	QSE::HashList<T> h (1000, 75, 500, mmgr);
 for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
 {
 	T x(i);
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
 }
 printf ("h.getSize() => %d\n", (int)h.getSize());
 
-	QSE::HashList<T> h2 (mmgr, 1000, 75, 700);
+	QSE::HashList<T> h2 (1000, 75, 700, mmgr);
 	h2 = h;
 
 	for (QSE::HashList<T>::Iterator it = h2.getIterator(); it.isLegit(); it++)
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/htb02.cpp b/qse/samples/cmn/htb02.cpp
index ddced4bc..9ab20789 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/htb02.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/htb02.cpp
@@ -71,10 +71,10 @@ int main ()
 {
 //	qse_open_stdsios ();
 
-	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 3000000);
+	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (3000000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
 	//QSE::HashTable<int,int,IntHasher> int_table (&heap_mmgr, 1000);
-	IntTable int_table (NULL, IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 1000);
-	//IntTable int_table (NULL, IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 0);
+	IntTable int_table (IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 1000);
+	//IntTable int_table (IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 0);
 printf ("----------\n");
 	for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
 	{
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ printf ("----------\n");
 	printf ("%d\n", int_table[9990]);
 */
 
-	//Str1Table s1 (NULL, IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 1000);
-	Str1Table s1 (NULL, IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 0);
+	//Str1Table s1 (IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 1000);
+	Str1Table s1 (IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 0);
 	//Str1Table s1;
 	s1.insert ("hello", 20);
 	s1.insert ("hello", 20);
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ printf ("----------\n");
 
 	printf ("------------------\n");
 	{
-		Str1Table s11 (&heap_mmgr, IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 0);
-		//Str1Table s11 (NULL, IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 200);
+		Str1Table s11 (IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 0, &heap_mmgr);
+		//Str1Table s11 (IntTable::DEFAULT_CAPACITY, IntTable::DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 200);
 		//Str1Table s11;
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/rbt02.cpp b/qse/samples/cmn/rbt02.cpp
index 387e90d5..e5607b49 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/rbt02.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/rbt02.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ typedef QSE::RedBlackTree<IntPair> IntTree;
 int main ()
 {
 
-	IntTree t (0, 10000);
+	IntTree t (10000, QSE_NULL);
 	//IntTree t (0);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < 20 ; i++)
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ int main ()
 	printf ("------------------\n");
 	t.insert (IntPair(99, 999));
 	t.insert (IntPair(88, 888));
-	//IntTree y (QSE_NULL, 5);
+	//IntTree y (5, QSE_NULL);
 	x = t;
 	for (it = x.getConstIterator(); it.isLegit(); ++it)
 	{
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/rbt03.cpp b/qse/samples/cmn/rbt03.cpp
index 5ef49fcd..417068be 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/rbt03.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/rbt03.cpp
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ int main ()
 {
 //	qse_open_stdsios ();
 
-	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 3000000);
-	//QSE::RedBlackTable<int,int,IntHasher> int_table (&heap_mmgr, 1000);
-	IntTable int_table (NULL, 1000);
-	//IntTable int_table (NULL, 0);
+	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (3000000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
+	//QSE::RedBlackTable<int,int,IntHasher> int_table (1000, &heap_mmgr);
+	IntTable int_table (1000, QSE_NULL);
+	//IntTable int_table (0, QSE_NULL);
 printf ("----------\n");
 	for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
 	{
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ printf ("----------\n");
 	printf ("%d\n", int_table[9990]);
 */
 
-	//Str1Table s1 (NULL, 1000);
-	Str1Table s1 (NULL, 0);
+	//Str1Table s1 (1000, QSE_NULL);
+	Str1Table s1 (0, QSE_NULL);
 	//Str1Table s1;
 	s1.insert ("hello", 20);
 	s1.insert ("hello", 20);
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ printf ("----------\n");
 
 	printf ("------------------\n");
 	{
-		Str1Table s11 (&heap_mmgr, 0);
-		//Str1Table s11 (NULL, 200);
+		Str1Table s11 (0, &heap_mmgr);
+		//Str1Table s11 (200, QSE_NULL);
 		//Str1Table s11;
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/sp01.cpp b/qse/samples/cmn/sp01.cpp
index c7e5db44..c3163d15 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/sp01.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/sp01.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ struct destroy_x_in_mmgr
 
 int main ()
 {
-        QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 30000);
+        QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (30000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
 
 	{
 		QSE::ScopedPtr<X> x1 (new X);
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/sp02.cpp b/qse/samples/cmn/sp02.cpp
index b18834b1..36292afd 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/sp02.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/sp02.cpp
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ struct destroy_x_in_mmgr
 
 int f2 ()
 {
-	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 30000);
-	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr_2 (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 30000);
+	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (30000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
+	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr_2 (30000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
 	QSE::SharedPtr<X> y (new X(1));
 	QSE::SharedPtr<X,QSE::SharedPtrMmgrDeleter<X> > k (&heap_mmgr);
 
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/str02.cpp b/qse/samples/cmn/str02.cpp
index 7c6e9041..eb4c229b 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/str02.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/str02.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 void t1 ()
 {
-	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 30000);
+	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (30000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
 	QSE::String* z = new QSE::String();
 
 	{
diff --git a/qse/samples/si/tcpsvr01.cpp b/qse/samples/si/tcpsvr01.cpp
index b9f63564..cf888c4c 100644
--- a/qse/samples/si/tcpsvr01.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/si/tcpsvr01.cpp
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ protected:
 
 static int test1()
 {
-	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 30000);
+	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (30000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
 	MyApp app (&heap_mmgr);
 
 MyApp app2 (&heap_mmgr);
diff --git a/qse/samples/si/tcpsvr02.cpp b/qse/samples/si/tcpsvr02.cpp
index c70ffd40..0abe7db7 100644
--- a/qse/samples/si/tcpsvr02.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/si/tcpsvr02.cpp
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ static QSE::TcpServerF<ClientHandler>* g_server;
 
 static int test1 (void)
 {
-	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 30000);
+	QSE::HeapMmgr heap_mmgr (30000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
 
 #if defined(QSE_LANG_CPP11)
 	QSE::TcpServerL<int(QSE::TcpServer::Worker*)> server (
diff --git a/qse/samples/si/thr02.cpp b/qse/samples/si/thr02.cpp
index 760aae3a..a241e0ea 100644
--- a/qse/samples/si/thr02.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/si/thr02.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ static int g_stopreq = 0;
 static qse_ntime_t sleep_interval = { 1, 0 };
 
 
-QSE::HeapMmgr g_heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 30000);
+QSE::HeapMmgr g_heap_mmgr (30000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
 
 class MyThread: public QSE::Thread
 {
diff --git a/qse/samples/si/thr03.cpp b/qse/samples/si/thr03.cpp
index 0f576ac7..c2952685 100644
--- a/qse/samples/si/thr03.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/si/thr03.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 static int g_stopreq = 0;
 static qse_ntime_t sleep_interval = { 1, 0 };
 
-QSE::HeapMmgr g_heap_mmgr (QSE::Mmgr::getDFL(), 30000);
+QSE::HeapMmgr g_heap_mmgr (30000, QSE::Mmgr::getDFL());
 
 struct rq_data_t
 {