diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
index ea8b8c3b..adbef0d0 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ noinst_HEADERS = \
 	cp950.h \
 	fs.h \
 	mem.h \
+	printf.h \
 	str-subst.h \
 	syscall.h \
 	syserr.h \
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ libqsecmn_la_SOURCES = \
 	pma.c \
 	rbt.c \
 	rex.c \
+	printf.c \
 	sio.c \
 	sll.c \
 	slmb.c \
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
index 42ea1503..1f515e01 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
@@ -90,15 +90,16 @@ am__libqsecmn_la_SOURCES_DIST = alg-base64.c alg-rand.c alg-search.c \
 	fma.c fmt.c fs.c fs-err.c fs-move.c glob.c hton.c ipad.c lda.c \
 	main.c mb8.c mbwc.c mbwc-str.c mem.c mux.c nwad.c nwad-skad.c \
 	nwif.c nwif-cfg.c nwio.c oht.c opt.c path-basename.c \
-	path-canon.c pio.c pma.c rbt.c rex.c sio.c sll.c slmb.c \
-	stdio.c str-beg.c str-cat.c str-chr.c str-cnv.c str-cmp.c \
-	str-cpy.c str-del.c str-dup.c str-dynm.c str-dynw.c str-end.c \
-	str-excl.c str-fcpy.c str-fnmat.c str-incl.c str-len.c \
-	str-pac.c str-pbrk.c str-put.c str-rev.c str-rot.c str-set.c \
-	str-spl.c str-spn.c str-str.c str-subst.c str-tok.c str-trm.c \
-	str-word.c task.c time.c tio.c tre.c tre-ast.c tre-compile.c \
-	tre-match-backtrack.c tre-match-parallel.c tre-parse.c \
-	tre-stack.c uri.c utf8.c xma.c uni.c cp949.c cp950.c
+	path-canon.c pio.c pma.c rbt.c rex.c printf.c sio.c sll.c \
+	slmb.c stdio.c str-beg.c str-cat.c str-chr.c str-cnv.c \
+	str-cmp.c str-cpy.c str-del.c str-dup.c str-dynm.c str-dynw.c \
+	str-end.c str-excl.c str-fcpy.c str-fnmat.c str-incl.c \
+	str-len.c str-pac.c str-pbrk.c str-put.c str-rev.c str-rot.c \
+	str-set.c str-spl.c str-spn.c str-str.c str-subst.c str-tok.c \
+	str-trm.c str-word.c task.c time.c tio.c tre.c tre-ast.c \
+	tre-compile.c tre-match-backtrack.c tre-match-parallel.c \
+	tre-parse.c tre-stack.c uri.c utf8.c xma.c uni.c cp949.c \
+	cp950.c
 @ENABLE_BUNDLED_UNICODE_TRUE@am__objects_1 = uni.lo
 @ENABLE_XCMGRS_TRUE@am__objects_2 = cp949.lo cp950.lo
 am_libqsecmn_la_OBJECTS = alg-base64.lo alg-rand.lo alg-search.lo \
@@ -107,14 +108,14 @@ am_libqsecmn_la_OBJECTS = alg-base64.lo alg-rand.lo alg-search.lo \
 	hton.lo ipad.lo lda.lo main.lo mb8.lo mbwc.lo mbwc-str.lo \
 	mem.lo mux.lo nwad.lo nwad-skad.lo nwif.lo nwif-cfg.lo nwio.lo \
 	oht.lo opt.lo path-basename.lo path-canon.lo pio.lo pma.lo \
-	rbt.lo rex.lo sio.lo sll.lo slmb.lo stdio.lo str-beg.lo \
-	str-cat.lo str-chr.lo str-cnv.lo str-cmp.lo str-cpy.lo \
-	str-del.lo str-dup.lo str-dynm.lo str-dynw.lo str-end.lo \
-	str-excl.lo str-fcpy.lo str-fnmat.lo str-incl.lo str-len.lo \
-	str-pac.lo str-pbrk.lo str-put.lo str-rev.lo str-rot.lo \
-	str-set.lo str-spl.lo str-spn.lo str-str.lo str-subst.lo \
-	str-tok.lo str-trm.lo str-word.lo task.lo time.lo tio.lo \
-	tre.lo tre-ast.lo tre-compile.lo tre-match-backtrack.lo \
+	rbt.lo rex.lo printf.lo sio.lo sll.lo slmb.lo stdio.lo \
+	str-beg.lo str-cat.lo str-chr.lo str-cnv.lo str-cmp.lo \
+	str-cpy.lo str-del.lo str-dup.lo str-dynm.lo str-dynw.lo \
+	str-end.lo str-excl.lo str-fcpy.lo str-fnmat.lo str-incl.lo \
+	str-len.lo str-pac.lo str-pbrk.lo str-put.lo str-rev.lo \
+	str-rot.lo str-set.lo str-spl.lo str-spn.lo str-str.lo \
+	str-subst.lo str-tok.lo str-trm.lo str-word.lo task.lo time.lo \
+	tio.lo tre.lo tre-ast.lo tre-compile.lo tre-match-backtrack.lo \
 	tre-match-parallel.lo tre-parse.lo tre-stack.lo uri.lo utf8.lo \
 	xma.lo $(am__objects_1) $(am__objects_2)
 libqsecmn_la_OBJECTS = $(am_libqsecmn_la_OBJECTS)
@@ -367,6 +368,7 @@ noinst_HEADERS = \
 	cp950.h \
 	fs.h \
 	mem.h \
+	printf.h \
 	str-subst.h \
 	syscall.h \
 	syserr.h \
@@ -382,9 +384,9 @@ libqsecmn_la_SOURCES = alg-base64.c alg-rand.c alg-search.c alg-sort.c \
 	fs.c fs-err.c fs-move.c glob.c hton.c ipad.c lda.c main.c \
 	mb8.c mbwc.c mbwc-str.c mem.c mux.c nwad.c nwad-skad.c nwif.c \
 	nwif-cfg.c nwio.c oht.c opt.c path-basename.c path-canon.c \
-	pio.c pma.c rbt.c rex.c sio.c sll.c slmb.c stdio.c str-beg.c \
-	str-cat.c str-chr.c str-cnv.c str-cmp.c str-cpy.c str-del.c \
-	str-dup.c str-dynm.c str-dynw.c str-end.c str-excl.c \
+	pio.c pma.c rbt.c rex.c printf.c sio.c sll.c slmb.c stdio.c \
+	str-beg.c str-cat.c str-chr.c str-cnv.c str-cmp.c str-cpy.c \
+	str-del.c str-dup.c str-dynm.c str-dynw.c str-end.c str-excl.c \
 	str-fcpy.c str-fnmat.c str-incl.c str-len.c str-pac.c \
 	str-pbrk.c str-put.c str-rev.c str-rot.c str-set.c str-spl.c \
 	str-spn.c str-str.c str-subst.c str-tok.c str-trm.c str-word.c \
@@ -516,6 +518,7 @@ distclean-compile:
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/path-canon.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/pio.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/pma.Plo@am__quote@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/printf.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/rbt.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/rex.Plo@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/sio.Plo@am__quote@
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/printf.c b/qse/lib/cmn/printf.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4a3cba5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/printf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+
+#include <qse/cmn/chr.h>
+#include <qse/cmn/str.h>
+#include <qse/cmn/mbwc.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+/* number of bits in a byte */
+#define NBBY    8               
+
+/* Max number conversion buffer length: 
+ * qse_intmax_t in base 2, plus NUL byte. */
+#define MAXNBUF (QSE_SIZEOF(qse_intmax_t) * NBBY + 1)
+
+enum
+{
+	LF_C = (1 << 0),
+	LF_H = (1 << 1),
+	LF_J = (1 << 2),
+	LF_L = (1 << 3),
+	LF_Q = (1 << 4),
+	LF_T = (1 << 5),
+	LF_Z = (1 << 6)
+};
+
+static struct
+{
+	qse_uint8_t flag; /* for single occurrence */
+	qse_uint8_t dflag; /* for double occurrence */
+} lm_tab[26] = 
+{
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* a */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* b */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* c */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* d */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* e */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* f */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* g */
+	{ LF_H, LF_C }, /* h */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* i */
+	{ LF_J, 0 }, /* j */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* k */
+	{ LF_L, LF_Q }, /* l */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* m */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* n */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* o */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* p */
+	{ LF_Q, 0 }, /* q */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* r */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* s */
+	{ LF_T, 0 }, /* t */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* u */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* v */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* w */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* z */
+	{ 0,    0 }, /* y */
+	{ LF_Z, 0 }, /* z */
+};
+
+#include <stdio.h> /* TODO: remove dependency on this */
+
+static void xputwchar (qse_wchar_t c, void *arg)
+{
+	qse_cmgr_t* cmgr;
+	qse_mchar_t mbsbuf[QSE_MBLEN_MAX + 1];
+	qse_size_t n;
+
+	cmgr = qse_getdflcmgr ();
+	n = cmgr->wctomb (c, mbsbuf, QSE_COUNTOF(mbsbuf));
+	if (n <= 0 || n > QSE_COUNTOF(mbsbuf))
+	{
+		putchar ('?');
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		qse_size_t i;
+		for (i = 0; i < n; i++) putchar (mbsbuf[i]);
+	}
+}
+
+static void xputmchar (qse_mchar_t c, void *arg)
+{
+	putchar (c);
+}
+
+#undef char_t
+#undef uchar_t
+#undef ochar_t
+#undef T
+#undef OT
+#undef toupper
+#undef hex2ascii
+#undef sprintn
+#undef xprintf
+
+#define char_t qse_mchar_t
+#define uchar_t qse_mchar_t
+#define ochar_t qse_wchar_t
+#define T(x) QSE_MT(x)
+#define OT(x) QSE_WT(x)
+#define toupper QSE_TOUPPER
+#define sprintn m_sprintn
+#define xprintf qse_mxprintf 
+
+static const qse_mchar_t m_hex2ascii[] = QSE_MT("0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz");
+#define hex2ascii(hex)  (m_hex2ascii[hex])
+
+#include "printf.h"
+
+int qse_mprintf (const char_t *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	int n;
+	va_start (ap, fmt);
+	n = qse_mxprintf (fmt, xputmchar, xputwchar, QSE_NULL, ap);
+	va_end (ap);
+	return n;
+}
+
+int qse_mvprintf (const char_t* fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+	return qse_mxprintf (fmt, xputmchar, xputwchar, QSE_NULL, ap);
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#undef char_t
+#undef uchar_t
+#undef ochar_t
+#undef T
+#undef OT
+#undef toupper
+#undef hex2ascii
+#undef sprintn
+#undef xprintf
+
+#define char_t qse_wchar_t
+#define uchar_t qse_wchar_t
+#define ochar_t qse_mchar_t
+#define T(x) QSE_WT(x)
+#define OT(x) QSE_MT(x)
+#define toupper QSE_TOWUPPER
+#define sprintn w_sprintn
+#define xprintf qse_wxprintf 
+
+static const qse_wchar_t w_hex2ascii[] = QSE_WT("0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz");
+#define hex2ascii(hex)  (w_hex2ascii[hex])
+
+#include "printf.h"
+
+int qse_wprintf (const char_t *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	int n;
+	va_start (ap, fmt);
+	n = qse_wxprintf (fmt, xputwchar, xputmchar, QSE_NULL, ap);
+	va_end (ap);
+	return n;
+}
+
+int qse_wvprintf (const char_t* fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+	return qse_wxprintf (fmt, xputwchar, xputmchar, QSE_NULL, ap);
+}
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/printf.h b/qse/lib/cmn/printf.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..792eb746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/printf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1986, 1988, 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
+ * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
+ * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
+ * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
+ * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)subr_prf.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
+ */
+
+#define NBBY    8               /* number of bits in a byte */
+
+/* Max number conversion buffer length: a u_quad_t in base 2, plus NUL byte. */
+#define MAXNBUF	(QSE_SIZEOF(qse_intmax_t) * NBBY + 1)
+
+/*
+ * Put a NUL-terminated ASCII number (base <= 36) in a buffer in reverse
+ * order; return an optional length and a pointer to the last character
+ * written in the buffer (i.e., the first character of the string).
+ * The buffer pointed to by `nbuf' must have length >= MAXNBUF.
+ */
+static char_t* sprintn (char_t* nbuf, qse_uintmax_t num, int base, int *lenp, int upper)
+{
+	char_t *p, c;
+
+	p = nbuf;
+	*p = T('\0');
+	do 
+	{
+		c = hex2ascii(num % base);
+		*++p = upper ? toupper(c) : c;
+	} 
+	while (num /= base);
+
+	if (lenp) *lenp = p - nbuf;
+	return (p);
+}
+
+#define PCHAR(c) do { \
+	func (c, arg); \
+	retval++; \
+} while (0)
+
+#define OPCHAR(c) do { \
+	ofunc (c, arg); \
+	retval++; \
+} while (0)
+
+int xprintf (char_t const *fmt, void (*func)(char_t, void*), void (*ofunc) (ochar_t, void*), void *arg, va_list ap)
+{
+	char_t nbuf[MAXNBUF];
+	const char_t* p, * percent;
+	uchar_t ch; 
+	int n;
+	qse_uintmax_t num;
+	int base, tmp, width, ladjust, sharpflag, neg, sign, dot;
+	int dwidth, upper;
+	char_t padc, * sp;
+	ochar_t opadc, * osp;
+	int stop = 0, retval = 0;
+	int lm_flag, lm_dflag;
+
+	num = 0;
+
+	if (fmt == QSE_NULL) fmt = T("(fmt null)\n");
+
+	while (1)
+	{
+		padc = T(' ');
+		opadc = OT(' ');
+
+		width = 0;
+		while ((ch = (uchar_t)*fmt++) != T('%') || stop) 
+		{
+			if (ch == T('\0')) return (retval);
+			PCHAR(ch);
+		}
+		percent = fmt - 1;
+		ladjust = 0; sharpflag = 0; neg = 0;
+		sign = 0; dot = 0; dwidth = 0; upper = 0;
+
+		lm_flag = 0; lm_dflag = 0;
+
+reswitch:	
+		switch (ch = (uchar_t)*fmt++) 
+		{
+		case T('%'): /* %% */
+			PCHAR(ch);
+			break;
+
+		case T('.'):
+			dot = 1;
+			goto reswitch;
+		case T('#'):
+			sharpflag = 1;
+			goto reswitch;
+		case T('+'):
+			sign = 1;
+			goto reswitch;
+		case T('-'):
+			ladjust = 1;
+			goto reswitch;
+
+		case T('*'):
+			if (!dot) 
+			{
+				width = va_arg(ap, int);
+				if (width < 0) 
+				{
+					ladjust = !ladjust;
+					width = -width;
+				}
+			} 
+			else 
+			{
+				dwidth = va_arg(ap, int);
+			}
+			goto reswitch;
+
+		case T('0'):
+			if (!dot) 
+			{
+				padc = T('0');
+				opadc = OT('0');
+				goto reswitch;
+			}
+		case T('1'): case T('2'): case T('3'): case T('4'):
+		case T('5'): case T('6'): case T('7'): case T('8'): case T('9'):
+			for (n = 0;; ++fmt) 
+			{
+				n = n * 10 + ch - T('0');
+				ch = *fmt;
+				if (ch < T('0') || ch > T('9')) break;
+			}
+			if (dot) dwidth = n;
+			else width = n;
+			goto reswitch;
+
+		case T('c'):
+			if (((lm_flag & LF_H) && (QSE_SIZEOF(char_t) > QSE_SIZEOF(ochar_t))) ||
+			    ((lm_flag & LF_L) && (QSE_SIZEOF(char_t) < QSE_SIZEOF(ochar_t)))) goto uppercase_c;
+		lowercase_c:
+			if (QSE_SIZEOF(char_t) < QSE_SIZEOF(int))
+				PCHAR(va_arg(ap, int));
+			else
+				PCHAR(va_arg(ap, char_t));
+			break;
+
+		case T('C'):
+			if (((lm_flag & LF_H) && (QSE_SIZEOF(char_t) < QSE_SIZEOF(ochar_t))) ||
+			    ((lm_flag & LF_L) && (QSE_SIZEOF(char_t) > QSE_SIZEOF(ochar_t)))) goto lowercase_c;
+		uppercase_c:
+			if (QSE_SIZEOF(ochar_t) < QSE_SIZEOF(int))
+				OPCHAR(va_arg(ap, int));
+			else
+				OPCHAR(va_arg(ap, ochar_t));
+			break;
+
+
+/* length modifiers */
+		case T('h'): /* short int */
+		case T('l'): /* long int */
+		case T('q'): /* long long int */
+		case T('j'): /* uintmax_t */
+		case T('z'): /* size_t */
+		case T('t'): /* ptrdiff_t */
+			if (lm_dflag)
+			{
+				/* error */
+				PCHAR (fmt[-4]);
+				PCHAR (fmt[-3]);
+				PCHAR (fmt[-2]);
+				PCHAR (fmt[-1]);
+				break;
+			}
+			else if (lm_flag)
+			{
+				if (lm_tab[ch - T('a')].dflag && lm_flag == lm_tab[ch - T('a')].flag)
+				{
+					lm_flag &= ~lm_tab[ch - T('a')].flag;
+					lm_flag |= lm_tab[ch - T('a')].dflag;
+					lm_dflag |= lm_flag;
+					goto reswitch;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					/* error */
+					PCHAR (fmt[-3]);
+					PCHAR (fmt[-2]);
+					PCHAR (fmt[-1]);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			else 
+			{
+				lm_flag |= lm_tab[ch - T('a')].flag;
+				goto reswitch;
+			}
+			break;
+/* end of length modifiers */
+
+		case T('n'):
+			if (lm_flag & LF_J)
+				*(va_arg(ap, qse_intmax_t *)) = retval;
+#if (QSE_SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > 0)
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_Q)
+				*(va_arg(ap, long long int*)) = retval;
+#endif
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_L)
+				*(va_arg(ap, long int*)) = retval;
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_Z)
+				*(va_arg(ap, qse_size_t*)) = retval;
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_H)
+				*(va_arg(ap, short int*)) = retval;
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_C)
+				*(va_arg(ap, char*)) = retval;
+			else
+				*(va_arg(ap, int*)) = retval;
+			break;
+
+		case T('o'):
+			base = 8;
+			goto handle_nosign;
+		case T('d'):
+		case T('i'):
+			base = 10;
+			sign = 1;
+			goto handle_sign;
+		case T('u'):
+			base = 10;
+			goto handle_nosign;
+		case T('X'):
+			upper = 1;
+		case T('x'):
+			base = 16;
+			goto handle_nosign;
+		case T('y'):
+			base = 16;
+			sign = 1;
+			goto handle_sign;
+
+		case T('p'):
+			base = 16;
+			sharpflag = (width == 0);
+			sign = 0;
+			num = (qse_uintptr_t)va_arg(ap, void *);
+			goto number;
+
+		case T('s'):
+		{
+			if (((lm_flag & LF_H) && (QSE_SIZEOF(char_t) > QSE_SIZEOF(ochar_t))) ||
+			    ((lm_flag & LF_L) && (QSE_SIZEOF(char_t) < QSE_SIZEOF(ochar_t)))) goto uppercase_s;
+		lowercase_s:
+			sp = va_arg (ap, char_t *);
+			if (sp == QSE_NULL) p = T("(null)");
+			if (!dot) 
+			{
+				char_t* p = sp;
+				while (*p) p++;
+				n = p - sp;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				for (n = 0; n < dwidth && sp[n]; n++) continue;
+			}
+
+			width -= n;
+
+			if (!ladjust && width > 0)
+			{
+				while (width--) PCHAR(padc);
+			}
+			while (n--) PCHAR(*sp++);
+			if (ladjust && width > 0)
+			{
+				while (width--) PCHAR(padc);
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case T('S'):
+		{
+			if (((lm_flag & LF_H) && (QSE_SIZEOF(char_t) < QSE_SIZEOF(ochar_t))) ||
+			    ((lm_flag & LF_L) && (QSE_SIZEOF(char_t) > QSE_SIZEOF(ochar_t)))) goto lowercase_s;
+		uppercase_s:
+			osp = va_arg (ap, ochar_t*);
+			if (osp == QSE_NULL) osp = OT("(null)");
+			if (!dot)
+			{
+				ochar_t* p = osp;
+				while (*p) p++;
+				n = p - osp;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				for (n = 0; n < dwidth && osp[n]; n++) continue;
+			}
+
+			width -= n;
+
+			if (!ladjust && width > 0)
+			{
+				while (width--) OPCHAR (opadc);
+			}
+			while (n--) OPCHAR(*osp++);
+			if (ladjust && width > 0)
+			{
+				while (width--) OPCHAR (opadc);
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+handle_nosign:
+			sign = 0;
+			if (lm_flag & LF_J)
+				num = va_arg(ap, qse_uintmax_t);
+#if (QSE_SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > 0)
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_Q)
+				num = va_arg(ap, unsigned long long int);
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_T)
+				num = va_arg(ap, ptrdiff_t);
+#endif
+
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_L)
+				num = va_arg(ap, long int);
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_Z)
+				num = va_arg(ap, qse_size_t);
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_H)
+				num = (unsigned short int)va_arg(ap, int);
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_C)
+				num = (unsigned char)va_arg(ap, int);
+			else
+				num = va_arg(ap, unsigned int);
+			goto number;
+
+handle_sign:
+			if (lm_flag & LF_J)
+				num = va_arg(ap, qse_intmax_t);
+#if (QSE_SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > 0)
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_Q)
+				num = va_arg(ap, long long int);
+#endif
+#if 0
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_T)
+				num = va_arg(ap, ptrdiff_t);
+#endif
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_L)
+				num = va_arg(ap, long int);
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_Z)
+				num = va_arg(ap, qse_ssize_t);
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_H)
+				num = (short int)va_arg(ap, int);
+			else if (lm_flag & LF_C)
+				num = (char)va_arg(ap, int);
+			else
+				num = va_arg(ap, int);
+
+number:
+			if (sign && (qse_intmax_t)num < 0) 
+			{
+				neg = 1;
+				num = -(qse_intmax_t)num;
+			}
+			p = sprintn (nbuf, num, base, &tmp, upper);
+			if (sharpflag && num != 0) 
+			{
+				if (base == 8) tmp++;
+				else if (base == 16) tmp += 2;
+			}
+			if (neg) tmp++;
+
+			if (!ladjust && padc != T('0') && width && (width -= tmp) > 0)
+			{
+				while (width--) PCHAR(padc);
+			}
+			if (neg) PCHAR(T('-'));
+
+			if (sharpflag && num != 0) 
+			{
+				if (base == 8) {
+					PCHAR(T('0'));
+				} 
+				else if (base == 16) 
+				{
+					PCHAR(T('0'));
+					PCHAR(T('x'));
+				}
+			}
+			if (!ladjust && width && (width -= tmp) > 0)
+			{
+				while (width--) PCHAR(padc);
+			}
+
+			while (*p) PCHAR(*p--);
+
+			if (ladjust && width && (width -= tmp) > 0)
+			{
+				while (width--) PCHAR(padc);
+			}
+
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			while (percent < fmt) PCHAR(*percent++);
+			/*
+			 * Since we ignore an formatting argument it is no
+			 * longer safe to obey the remaining formatting
+			 * arguments as the arguments will no longer match
+			 * the format specs.
+			 */
+			stop = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+#undef PCHAR
+#undef OPCHAR
+
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/stdio.c b/qse/lib/cmn/stdio.c
index 2619dff5..dbe8b6a2 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/stdio.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/stdio.c
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ int qse_vfprintf (QSE_FILE *stream, const qse_char_t* fmt, va_list ap)
 	FILE* fp;
 
 	nf = __adjust_format (fmt);
-	if (nf == NULL) return -1;
+	if (nf == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
 	fp = STREAM_TO_FILE (stream);
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ int qse_vprintf (const qse_char_t* fmt, va_list ap)
 	qse_char_t* nf;
 
 	nf = __adjust_format (fmt);
-	if (nf == NULL) return -1;
+	if (nf == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
 #if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
 	n = vfprintf (stdout, nf, ap);
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ int qse_fprintf (QSE_FILE* stream, const qse_char_t* fmt, ...)
 	FILE* fp;
 
 	nf = __adjust_format (fmt);
-	if (nf == NULL) return -1;
+	if (nf == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
 	fp = STREAM_TO_FILE (stream);
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ int qse_printf (const qse_char_t* fmt, ...)
 	qse_char_t* nf;
 
 	nf = __adjust_format (fmt);
-	if (nf == NULL) return -1;
+	if (nf == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
 	va_start (ap, fmt);
 #if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ int qse_dprintf (const qse_char_t* fmt, ...)
 	qse_char_t* nf;
 
 	nf = __adjust_format (fmt);
-	if (nf == NULL) return -1;
+	if (nf == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
 	va_start (ap, fmt);
 #if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ int qse_vsprintf (qse_char_t* buf, qse_size_t size, const qse_char_t* fmt, va_li
 {
 	int n;
 	qse_char_t* nf = __adjust_format (fmt);
-	if (nf == NULL) return -1;
+	if (nf == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
 #if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
 	#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__) || (defined(__WATCOMC__) && (__WATCOMC__ < 1200)) || defined(HAVE__VSNPRINTF)
@@ -207,10 +207,10 @@ int qse_sprintf (qse_char_t* buf, qse_size_t size, const qse_char_t* fmt, ...)
 			tmp = (qse_char_t*) QSE_MMGR_REALLOC ( \
 				QSE_MMGR_GETDFL(), buf.ptr, \
 				QSE_SIZEOF(qse_char_t) * (buf.cap+256+1)); \
-			if (tmp == NULL) \
+			if (tmp == QSE_NULL) \
 			{ \
 				QSE_MMGR_FREE (QSE_MMGR_GETDFL(), buf.ptr); \
-				return NULL; \
+				return QSE_NULL; \
 			} \
 			buf.ptr = tmp; \
 			buf.cap = buf.cap + 256; \
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ static qse_char_t* __adjust_format (const qse_char_t* format)
 
 	buf.ptr = (qse_char_t*) QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (
 		QSE_MMGR_GETDFL(), QSE_SIZEOF(qse_char_t) * (buf.cap+1));
-	if (buf.ptr == NULL) return NULL;
+	if (buf.ptr == QSE_NULL) return QSE_NULL;
 
 	while (*fp != QSE_T('\0')) 
 	{