diff --git a/qse/configure b/qse/configure
index 0f2c2003..80f7c0d3 100755
--- a/qse/configure
+++ b/qse/configure
@@ -21425,6 +21425,82 @@ $as_echo "#define QSE_SOCKLEN_T_IS_SIGNED 1" >>confdefs.h
 fi
 
 
+# The cast to long int works around a bug in the HP C Compiler
+# version HP92453-01 B.11.11.23709.GP, which incorrectly rejects
+# declarations like `int a3[[(sizeof (unsigned char)) >= 0]];'.
+# This bug is HP SR number 8606223364.
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking size of pthread_t" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking size of pthread_t... " >&6; }
+if ${ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  if ac_fn_c_compute_int "$LINENO" "(long int) (sizeof (pthread_t))" "ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t"        "#include <pthread.h>
+"; then :
+
+else
+  if test "$ac_cv_type_pthread_t" = yes; then
+     { { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: error: in \`$ac_pwd':" >&5
+$as_echo "$as_me: error: in \`$ac_pwd':" >&2;}
+as_fn_error 77 "cannot compute sizeof (pthread_t)
+See \`config.log' for more details" "$LINENO" 5; }
+   else
+     ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t=0
+   fi
+fi
+
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t" >&5
+$as_echo "$ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t" >&6; }
+
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define SIZEOF_PTHREAD_T $ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t
+_ACEOF
+
+
+if test ${ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t} -gt 0
+then
+
+ typename=`echo pthread_t | sed "s/[^a-zA-Z0-9_]/_/g"`
+ { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking whether pthread_t is signed" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking whether pthread_t is signed... " >&6; }
+if eval \${ax_cv_decl_${typename}_signed+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+
+   cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext
+/* end confdefs.h.  */
+#include <pthread.h>
+int
+main ()
+{
+ int foo [ 1 - 2 * !(((pthread_t) -1) < 0) ]
+  ;
+  return 0;
+}
+_ACEOF
+if ac_fn_c_try_compile "$LINENO"; then :
+   eval "ax_cv_decl_${typename}_signed=\"yes\""
+else
+   eval "ax_cv_decl_${typename}_signed=\"no\""
+fi
+rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext
+fi
+eval ac_res=\$ax_cv_decl_${typename}_signed
+	       { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ac_res" >&5
+$as_echo "$ac_res" >&6; }
+ symbolname=`echo pthread_t | sed "s/[^a-zA-Z0-9_]/_/g" | tr "a-z" "A-Z"`
+ if eval "test \"\${ax_cv_decl_${typename}_signed}\" = \"yes\""; then
+
+$as_echo "#define QSE_PTHREAD_T_IS_SIGNED 1" >>confdefs.h
+
+ elif eval "test \"\${ax_cv_decl_${typename}_signed}\" = \"no\""; then
+    $as_echo_n ""
+ fi
+
+fi
+
 if test ${ac_cv_sizeof___int128_t} -gt 0
 then
 	{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking __int128_t with %" >&5
@@ -21748,6 +21824,11 @@ cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
 _ACEOF
 
 
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define QSE_SIZEOF_PTHREAD_T ${ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t}
+_ACEOF
+
+
 
 qse_package_version_major="`echo ${PACKAGE_VERSION} | cut -d. -f1`"
 qse_package_version_minor="`echo ${PACKAGE_VERSION} | cut -d. -f2`"
diff --git a/qse/configure.ac b/qse/configure.ac
index b3c97894..eff23c91 100644
--- a/qse/configure.ac
+++ b/qse/configure.ac
@@ -446,6 +446,15 @@ else
 fi
 
 
+AC_CHECK_SIZEOF(pthread_t,, [#include <pthread.h>])
+if test ${ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t} -gt 0
+then
+	AX_CHECK_SIGN([pthread_t],
+		[ AC_DEFINE(QSE_PTHREAD_T_IS_SIGNED, 1, [Define if pthread_t is signed]) ],
+		[ AS_ECHO_N("") ],
+		[#include <pthread.h>])
+fi
+
 dnl gcc 3.4.3 on opensolaris x86 gave this warning without -msse or 
 dnl something similar.
 dnl    SSE vector argument without SSE enabled changes the ABI
@@ -575,6 +584,7 @@ AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(QSE_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN, ${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_sockaddr
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(QSE_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6, ${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_sockaddr_in6}, [sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6)])
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(QSE_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN, ${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_sockaddr_un}, [sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)])
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(QSE_SIZEOF_SOCKLEN_T, ${ac_cv_sizeof_socklen_t}, [sizeof(socklen_t)])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(QSE_SIZEOF_PTHREAD_T, ${ac_cv_sizeof_pthread_t}, [sizeof(pthread_t)])
 
 
 qse_package_version_major="`echo ${PACKAGE_VERSION} | cut -d. -f1`"
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/sck.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/sck.h
index 1c4b522a..c375880f 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/sck.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/sck.h
@@ -93,4 +93,4 @@ QSE_EXPORT void qse_shutsckhnd (
 
 
 #endif
-	
+
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h
index 01ca02aa..22a4d51c 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h
@@ -1094,6 +1094,18 @@ QSE_EXPORT qse_size_t qse_mbsxjoin (
 	...
 );
 
+QSE_EXPORT qse_size_t qse_mbsjoinv (
+	qse_mchar_t* buf, 
+	va_list      ap
+);
+
+QSE_EXPORT qse_size_t qse_mbsxjoinv (
+	qse_mchar_t* buf,
+	qse_size_t   size,
+	va_list      ap
+);
+
+
 /*
  * The qse_wcsjoin() function joins a list of wide-charcter strings into 
  * a buffer. The list of strings is terminated by QSE_NULL.
@@ -1116,17 +1128,28 @@ QSE_EXPORT qse_size_t qse_wcsxjoin (
 	...
 );
 
-QSE_EXPORT qse_size_t qse_strjoin (
-	qse_char_t* buf, 
-	...
+QSE_EXPORT qse_size_t qse_wcsjoinv (
+	qse_wchar_t* buf, 
+	va_list      ap
 );
 
-QSE_EXPORT qse_size_t qse_strxjoin (
-	qse_char_t* buf,
-	qse_size_t  size,
-	...
+QSE_EXPORT qse_size_t qse_wcsxjoinv (
+	qse_wchar_t* buf,
+	qse_size_t   size,
+	va_list      ap
 );
 
+#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
+#	define qse_strjoin                qse_mbsjoin
+#	define qse_strxjoin               qse_mbsxjoin
+#	define qse_strjoinv(buf,ap)       qse_mbsjoinv(buf,ap)
+#	define qse_strxjoinv(buf,size,ap) qse_mbsxjoinv(buf,size,ap)
+#else
+#	define qse_strjoin                qse_wcsjoin
+#	define qse_strxjoin               qse_wcsxjoin
+#	define qse_strjoinv(buf,ap) qse_wcsjoinv(buf,ap)
+#	define qse_strxjoinv(buf,size,ap) qse_wcsxjoinv(buf,size,ap)
+#endif
 /* ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
 
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/config.h.in b/qse/include/qse/config.h.in
index 4173eeb8..93c09946 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/config.h.in
+++ b/qse/include/qse/config.h.in
@@ -892,6 +892,9 @@
 /* Patch level */
 #undef QSE_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH
 
+/* Define if pthread_t is signed */
+#undef QSE_PTHREAD_T_IS_SIGNED
+
 /* sizeof(char) */
 #undef QSE_SIZEOF_CHAR
 
@@ -922,6 +925,9 @@
 /* sizeof(off_t) */
 #undef QSE_SIZEOF_OFF_T
 
+/* sizeof(pthread_t) */
+#undef QSE_SIZEOF_PTHREAD_T
+
 /* sizeof(short) */
 #undef QSE_SIZEOF_SHORT
 
@@ -1006,6 +1012,9 @@
 /* The size of `off_t', as computed by sizeof. */
 #undef SIZEOF_OFF_T
 
+/* The size of `pthread_t', as computed by sizeof. */
+#undef SIZEOF_PTHREAD_T
+
 /* The size of `short', as computed by sizeof. */
 #undef SIZEOF_SHORT
 
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/sys/Makefile.am b/qse/include/qse/sys/Makefile.am
index 3e442dba..98704c00 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/sys/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/include/qse/sys/Makefile.am
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 pkgincludedir = $(includedir)/qse/sys
 
-pkginclude_HEADERS = 
+pkginclude_HEADERS = \
+	thr.h
 
 if ENABLE_CXX
 pkginclude_HEADERS += \
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/sys/Makefile.in b/qse/include/qse/sys/Makefile.in
index 93bf80b7..2b33c910 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/sys/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/include/qse/sys/Makefile.in
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ am__can_run_installinfo = \
     n|no|NO) false;; \
     *) (install-info --version) >/dev/null 2>&1;; \
   esac
-am__pkginclude_HEADERS_DIST = SocketAddress.hpp
+am__pkginclude_HEADERS_DIST = thr.h SocketAddress.hpp
 am__vpath_adj_setup = srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's|.|.|g'`;
 am__vpath_adj = case $$p in \
     $(srcdir)/*) f=`echo "$$p" | sed "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||"`;; \
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ target_alias = @target_alias@
 top_build_prefix = @top_build_prefix@
 top_builddir = @top_builddir@
 top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
-pkginclude_HEADERS = $(am__append_1)
+pkginclude_HEADERS = thr.h $(am__append_1)
 all: all-am
 
 .SUFFIXES:
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/sys/SocketAddress.hpp b/qse/include/qse/sys/SocketAddress.hpp
index cb637d68..fd12089b 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/sys/SocketAddress.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/sys/SocketAddress.hpp
@@ -36,22 +36,38 @@ QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 class SocketAddress
 {
 public:
-	int   getFamily () const;
-	void* getStorage (int* len);
+	SocketAddress ();
+	SocketAddress (int family);
+	SocketAddress (const qse_skad_t* skad);
+	SocketAddress (const qse_nwad_t* nwad);
+	SocketAddress (const struct sockaddr* ptr, int len);
+	
+	int getFamily () const;
 
-	int   getStorageSize () const
+	qse_skad_t* getAddrPtr()
+	{
+		return &this->skad;
+	}
+
+	const qse_skad_t* getAddrPtr() const
+	{
+		return &this->skad;
+	}
+
+	int getAddrSize () const
 	{
 		return qse_skadsize(&this->skad);
 	}
 
 	void setIpaddr (const qse_ip4ad_t* ipaddr);
 	void setIpaddr (const qse_ip6ad_t* ipaddr);
+
 	qse_uint16_t getPort() const; // in network-byte order
 	void setPort (qse_uint16_t port); // in network-byte order
 
-	int set (const qse_skad_t* skad);
-	int set (const void* ptr, int len);
+	int set (const qse_skad_t* skad); 
 	int set (const qse_nwad_t* nwad);
+	int set (const struct sockaddr* ptr, int len); // treat ptr as a pointer to struct sockaddr
 
 protected:
 	qse_skad_t skad;
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/sys/thr.h b/qse/include/qse/sys/thr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a6f6d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/include/qse/sys/thr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ *
+    Copyright (c) 2006-2014 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EQSERESS OR
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _QSE_CMN_THR_H_
+#define _QSE_CMN_THR_H_
+
+#include <qse/types.h>
+#include <qse/macros.h>
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_t type defines a thread object.
+ */
+typedef struct qse_thr_t qse_thr_t;
+
+/** 
+ * The qse_thr_routine_t type defines a thread routine that can be passed to 
+ * qse_thr_open() and qse_thr_start(). When it is executed, the pointer to the
+ * calling thread object is passed as its first argument. 
+ */
+typedef int (*qse_thr_routine_t) (qse_thr_t*);
+
+enum qse_thr_state_t
+{
+	QSE_THR_INCUBATING,
+	QSE_THR_RUNNING,
+	QSE_THR_TERMINATED,
+	QSE_THR_ABORTED
+};
+typedef enum qse_thr_state_t qse_thr_state_t;
+
+enum qse_thr_flag_t
+{
+	QSE_THR_DETACHED    = (1 << 0),
+	QSE_THR_NEW_ROUTINE = (1 << 1)
+};
+typedef enum qse_thr_flag_t qse_thr_flag_t;
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+	/* <winnt.h> => typedef PVOID HANDLE; */
+	typedef void* qse_thr_hnd_t;
+#elif defined(__OS2__)
+
+	/* not implemented */
+#	error not implemented
+#elif defined(__DOS__)
+	/* not implemented */
+#	error not implemented
+#elif defined(__BEOS__)
+	/*typedef thread_id qse_thr_hnd_t;*/
+	typdef qse_int32_t qse_thr_hnd_t;
+#else
+	#if (QSE_SIZEOF_PTHREAD_T == QSE_SIZEOF_INT)
+		#if defined(QSE_PTHREAD_T_IS_SIGNED)
+			typedef int qse_thr_hnd_t;
+		#else
+			typedef unsigned int qse_thr_hnd_t;
+		#endif
+	#elif (QSE_SIZEOF_PTHREAD_T == QSE_SIZEOF_LONG)
+		#if defined(QSE_PTHREAD_T_IS_SIGNED)
+			typedef long qse_thr_hnd_t;
+		#else
+			typedef unsigned long qse_thr_hnd_t;
+		#endif
+	#else
+		typedef int qse_thr_hnd_t;
+	#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_open() function instantiates a thread object. The function 
+ * pointed to by \a routine is executed when qse_thr_start() is called.
+ * 
+ */
+qse_thr_t* qse_thr_open (
+	qse_mmgr_t*       mmgr,
+	qse_size_t        xtnsize,
+	qse_thr_routine_t routine
+);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_close() function destroys a thread object. Make sure that the
+ * thread routine has been terminated properly.
+ */
+void qse_thr_close (
+	qse_thr_t* thr
+);
+
+int qse_thr_init (
+	qse_thr_t*        thr,
+	qse_mmgr_t*       mmgr,
+	qse_thr_routine_t routine
+);
+
+void qse_thr_fini (
+	qse_thr_t* thr
+);
+
+qse_size_t qse_thr_getstacksize (
+	qse_thr_t* thr
+);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_setstacksize() function sets the stack size of a thread.
+ * It must be called before a thread routine gets started.
+ */
+void qse_thr_setstacksize (
+	qse_thr_t* thr,
+	qse_size_t num
+);
+
+/** 
+ * The qse_thr_start() executes a thread routine in a new thread of control.
+ * A new temporary thread routine can be passed as the third argument to 
+ * override the main thread routine for a single invocation if \a flags contains
+ * the #QSE_THR_NEW_ROUTINE bit.
+ *
+ * QSE_THR_DETACHED, when set in \a flags, puts the thread in a detached state.
+ * Otherwise, the thread is joinable. 
+ *
+ * \return 0 on success, -1 on failure
+ */
+int qse_thr_start (
+	qse_thr_t* thr,
+	int        flags, /**< 0 or bitwise-or of QSE_THR_NEW_ROUTINE and QSE_THR_DETACHED  */
+	...
+);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_stop() function aborts a thread.
+ * \return  0 on success, -1 on failure
+ */
+int qse_thr_stop (qse_thr_t* thr);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_join() function waits for thread termination.
+ * \return  0 on success, -1 on failure
+ */
+int qse_thr_join (qse_thr_t* thr);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_detach() function detaches a thread.
+ * \return  0 on success, -1 on failure
+ */
+int qse_thr_detach (qse_thr_t* thr);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_kill() function sends a signal to a thread.
+ */
+int qse_thr_kill (qse_thr_t* thr, int sig);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_blocksig() function causes a therad to block the signal \a sig.
+ */
+int qse_thr_blocksig (qse_thr_t* thr, int sig);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_unblocksig() function causes a therad to unblock the signal \a sig.
+ */
+int qse_thr_unblocksig (qse_thr_t* thr, int sig);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_blockallsigs() function causes a therad to block all signals.
+ */
+int qse_thr_blockallsigs (qse_thr_t* thr);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_unblockallsigs() function causes a therad to unblock all signals.
+ */
+int qse_thr_unblockallsigs (qse_thr_t* thr);
+
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_gethnd() function returns the native thread handle.
+ */
+qse_thr_hnd_t qse_thr_gethnd (
+	qse_thr_t* thr
+);
+
+/** 
+ * The qse_thr_getretcode() returns the return code a thread rountine
+ * that has been terminated. If no thread routine has been started and
+ * terminated, 0 is returned.
+ */
+int qse_thr_getretcode (
+	qse_thr_t* thr
+);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_thr_state() function returns the current state.
+ */
+qse_thr_state_t qse_thr_getstate (
+	qse_thr_t* thr
+);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_getcurthrhnd() function returns the native handle to the 
+ * calling thread.
+ */
+qse_thr_hnd_t qse_getcurthrhnd (void);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
index dc8ab476..93398830 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ noinst_HEADERS = \
 	fs.h \
 	glob.h \
 	mem.h \
+	str-cat.h \
 	str-dyn.h \
 	str-fcpy.h \
 	str-fmt.h \
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
index 43ad344d..6c1411ff 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
@@ -458,6 +458,7 @@ noinst_HEADERS = \
 	fs.h \
 	glob.h \
 	mem.h \
+	str-cat.h \
 	str-dyn.h \
 	str-fcpy.h \
 	str-fmt.h \
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/str-cat.c b/qse/lib/cmn/str-cat.c
index ad0deaad..5cc36fe1 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/str-cat.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/str-cat.c
@@ -26,162 +26,42 @@
 
 #include <qse/cmn/str.h>
 
-qse_size_t qse_mbscat (qse_mchar_t* buf, const qse_mchar_t* str)
-{
-	qse_mchar_t* org = buf;   
-	buf += qse_mbslen(buf);
-	while ((*buf++ = *str++) != QSE_MT('\0'));
-	return buf - org - 1;
-}
+#undef T
+#undef char_t
+#undef strcat
+#undef strncat
+#undef strcatn
+#undef strxcat
+#undef strxncat
+#undef strlen
 
-qse_size_t qse_mbsncat (qse_mchar_t* buf, const qse_mchar_t* str, qse_size_t len)
-{
-	qse_size_t x;
-	const qse_mchar_t* end = str + len;
+#define T(x) QSE_MT(x)
+#define char_t qse_mchar_t
+#define strcat qse_mbscat
+#define strncat qse_mbsncat
+#define strcatn qse_mbscatn
+#define strxcat qse_mbsxcat
+#define strxncat qse_mbsxncat
+#define strlen qse_mbslen
+#include "str-cat.h"
 
-	x = qse_mbslen(buf); buf += x;
-	while (str < end) *buf++ = *str++;
-	*buf = QSE_MT('\0');
-	return len + x;
-}
+/* ----------------------------------- */
 
-qse_size_t qse_mbscatn (qse_mchar_t* buf, const qse_mchar_t* str, qse_size_t n)
-{
-	qse_size_t x;
-	qse_mchar_t* org = buf;
-	const qse_mchar_t* end = str + n;
-
-	x = qse_mbslen(buf); buf += x;
-	while (str < end) 
-	{
-		if ((*buf++ = *str++) == QSE_MT('\0')) return buf - org - 1;
-	}
-	return n + x;
-}
-
-
-qse_size_t qse_mbsxcat (qse_mchar_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, const qse_mchar_t* str)
-{
-	qse_mchar_t* p, * p2;
-	qse_size_t blen;
-
-	blen = qse_mbslen(buf);
-	if (blen >= bsz) return blen; /* something wrong */
-
-	p = buf + blen;
-	p2 = buf + bsz - 1;
-
-	while (p < p2) 
-	{
-		if (*str == QSE_MT('\0')) break;
-		*p++ = *str++;
-	}
-
-	if (bsz > 0) *p = QSE_MT('\0');
-	return p - buf;
-}
-
-qse_size_t qse_mbsxncat (
-	qse_mchar_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, const qse_mchar_t* str, qse_size_t len)
-{
-	qse_mchar_t* p, * p2;
-	const qse_mchar_t* end;
-	qse_size_t blen;
-
-	blen = qse_mbslen(buf);
-	if (blen >= bsz) return blen; /* something wrong */
-
-	p = buf + blen;
-	p2 = buf + bsz - 1;
-
-	end = str + len;
-
-	while (p < p2) 
-	{
-		if (str >= end) break;
-		*p++ = *str++;
-	}
-
-	if (bsz > 0) *p = QSE_MT('\0');
-	return p - buf;
-}
-
-qse_size_t qse_wcscat (qse_wchar_t* buf, const qse_wchar_t* str)
-{
-	qse_wchar_t* org = buf;   
-	buf += qse_wcslen(buf);
-	while ((*buf++ = *str++) != QSE_WT('\0'));
-	return buf - org - 1;
-}
-
-qse_size_t qse_wcsncat (qse_wchar_t* buf, const qse_wchar_t* str, qse_size_t len)
-{
-	qse_size_t x;
-	const qse_wchar_t* end = str + len;
-
-	x = qse_wcslen(buf); buf += x;
-	while (str < end) *buf++ = *str++;
-	*buf = QSE_WT('\0');
-	return len + x;
-}
-
-qse_size_t qse_wcscatn (qse_wchar_t* buf, const qse_wchar_t* str, qse_size_t n)
-{
-	qse_size_t x;
-	qse_wchar_t* org = buf;
-	const qse_wchar_t* end = str + n;
-
-	x = qse_wcslen(buf); buf += x;
-	while (str < end) 
-	{
-		if ((*buf++ = *str++) == QSE_WT('\0')) return buf - org - 1;
-	}
-	return n + x;
-}
-
-qse_size_t qse_wcsxcat (qse_wchar_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, const qse_wchar_t* str)
-{
-	qse_wchar_t* p, * p2;
-	qse_size_t blen;
-
-	blen = qse_wcslen(buf);
-	if (blen >= bsz) return blen; /* something wrong */
-
-	p = buf + blen;
-	p2 = buf + bsz - 1;
-
-	while (p < p2) 
-	{
-		if (*str == QSE_WT('\0')) break;
-		*p++ = *str++;
-	}
-
-	if (bsz > 0) *p = QSE_WT('\0');
-	return p - buf;
-}
-
-qse_size_t qse_wcsxncat (
-	qse_wchar_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, const qse_wchar_t* str, qse_size_t len)
-{
-	qse_wchar_t* p, * p2;
-	const qse_wchar_t* end;
-	qse_size_t blen;
-
-	blen = qse_wcslen(buf);
-	if (blen >= bsz) return blen; /* something wrong */
-
-	p = buf + blen;
-	p2 = buf + bsz - 1;
-
-	end = str + len;
-
-	while (p < p2) 
-	{
-		if (str >= end) break;
-		*p++ = *str++;
-	}
-
-	if (bsz > 0) *p = QSE_WT('\0');
-	return p - buf;
-}
+#undef T
+#undef char_t
+#undef strcat
+#undef strncat
+#undef strcatn
+#undef strxcat
+#undef strxncat
+#undef strlen
 
+#define T(x) QSE_WT(x)
+#define char_t qse_wchar_t
+#define strcat qse_wcscat
+#define strncat qse_wcsncat
+#define strcatn qse_wcscatn
+#define strxcat qse_wcsxcat
+#define strxncat qse_wcsxncat
+#define strlen qse_wcslen
+#include "str-cat.h"
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/str-cat.h b/qse/lib/cmn/str-cat.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90af9ac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/str-cat.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ *
+    Copyright (c) 2006-2014 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#if !defined(char_t) && !defined(strcat) && !defined(strxcat)
+#	error Never include this file
+#endif
+
+qse_size_t strcat (char_t* buf, const char_t* str)
+{
+	char_t* org = buf;   
+	buf += strlen(buf);
+	while ((*buf++ = *str++) != T('\0'));
+	return buf - org - 1;
+}
+
+qse_size_t strncat (char_t* buf, const char_t* str, qse_size_t len)
+{
+	qse_size_t x;
+	const char_t* end = str + len;
+
+	x = strlen(buf); buf += x;
+	while (str < end) *buf++ = *str++;
+	*buf = T('\0');
+	return len + x;
+}
+
+qse_size_t strcatn (char_t* buf, const char_t* str, qse_size_t n)
+{
+	qse_size_t x;
+	char_t* org = buf;
+	const char_t* end = str + n;
+
+	x = strlen(buf); buf += x;
+	while (str < end) 
+	{
+		/* copies not more than n characters and stop if '\0' is met */
+		if ((*buf++ = *str++) == T('\0')) return buf - org - 1;
+	}
+	return n + x;
+}
+
+qse_size_t strxcat (char_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, const char_t* str)
+{
+	char_t* p, * p2;
+	qse_size_t blen;
+
+	blen = strlen(buf);
+	if (blen >= bsz) return blen; /* something wrong */
+
+	p = buf + blen;
+	p2 = buf + bsz - 1;
+
+	while (p < p2) 
+	{
+		if (*str == T('\0')) break;
+		*p++ = *str++;
+	}
+
+	if (bsz > 0) *p = T('\0');
+	return p - buf;
+}
+
+qse_size_t strxncat (char_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, const char_t* str, qse_size_t len)
+{
+	char_t* p, * p2;
+	const char_t* end;
+	qse_size_t blen;
+
+	blen = strlen(buf);
+	if (blen >= bsz) return blen; /* something wrong */
+
+	p = buf + blen;
+	p2 = buf + bsz - 1;
+
+	end = str + len;
+
+	while (p < p2) 
+	{
+		if (str >= end) break;
+		*p++ = *str++;
+	}
+
+	if (bsz > 0) *p = T('\0');
+	return p - buf;
+}
+
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/str-fcpy.h b/qse/lib/cmn/str-fcpy.h
index a61b8b7c..dfab6cb2 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/str-fcpy.h
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/str-fcpy.h
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
     THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-qse_size_t strfcpy (
-	char_t* buf, const char_t* fmt, const char_t* str[])
+qse_size_t strfcpy (char_t* buf, const char_t* fmt, const char_t* str[])
 {
 	char_t* b = buf;
 	const char_t* f = fmt;
@@ -69,8 +68,7 @@ qse_size_t strfcpy (
 	return b - buf;
 }
 
-qse_size_t strfncpy (
-	char_t* buf, const char_t* fmt, const cstr_t str[])
+qse_size_t strfncpy (char_t* buf, const char_t* fmt, const cstr_t str[])
 {
 	char_t* b = buf;
 	const char_t* f = fmt;
@@ -123,9 +121,7 @@ qse_size_t strfncpy (
 	return b - buf;
 }
 
-qse_size_t strxfcpy (
-	char_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, 
-	const char_t* fmt, const char_t* str[])
+qse_size_t strxfcpy (char_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, const char_t* fmt, const char_t* str[])
 {
 	char_t* b = buf;
 	char_t* end = buf + bsz - 1;
@@ -185,9 +181,7 @@ fini:
 	return b - buf;
 }
 
-qse_size_t strxfncpy (
-	char_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, 
-	const char_t* fmt, const cstr_t str[])
+qse_size_t strxfncpy (char_t* buf, qse_size_t bsz, const char_t* fmt, const cstr_t str[])
 {
 	char_t* b = buf;
 	char_t* end = buf + bsz - 1;
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/str-join.c b/qse/lib/cmn/str-join.c
index 16c1edad..ddbb7650 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/str-join.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/str-join.c
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
  */
 
 #include <qse/cmn/str.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
 
 /* ----------------------------------- */
 
@@ -64,20 +63,3 @@
 #define strcpy qse_wcscpy
 #define strxcpy qse_wcsxcpy
 #include "str-join.h"
-
-#undef char_t
-#undef strjoin
-#undef strjoinv
-#undef strxjoin
-#undef strxjoinv
-#undef strcpy
-#undef strxcpy
-
-#define char_t qse_char_t
-#define strjoin qse_strjoin
-#define strjoinv qse_strjoinv
-#define strxjoin qse_strxjoin
-#define strxjoinv qse_strxjoinv
-#define strcpy qse_strcpy
-#define strxcpy qse_strxcpy
-#include "str-join.h"
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/str-join.h b/qse/lib/cmn/str-join.h
index ea5028ea..54650f84 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/str-join.h
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/str-join.h
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ qse_size_t strxjoinv (char_t* buf, qse_size_t size, va_list ap)
 	return size - left;
 }
 
-
 qse_size_t strxjoin (char_t* buf, qse_size_t size, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
diff --git a/qse/lib/sys/Makefile.am b/qse/lib/sys/Makefile.am
index 842df0b6..c6125562 100644
--- a/qse/lib/sys/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/lib/sys/Makefile.am
@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@ AM_CPPFLAGS = \
 	-I$(top_builddir)/include \
 	-I$(top_srcdir)/include
 
-lib_LTLIBRARIES = 
-#lib_LTLIBRARIES = libqsesys.la
-#libqsesys_la_SOURCES = 
-#libqsesys_la_LDFLAGS = -L../cmn -version-info 1:0:0 -no-undefined
-#libqsesys_la_LIBADD = -lqsecmn 
+lib_LTLIBRARIES = libqsesys.la
+libqsesys_la_SOURCES =  \
+	thr.c \
+	thr.h
+libqsesys_la_LDFLAGS = -L../cmn -version-info 1:0:0 -no-undefined
+libqsesys_la_LIBADD = -lqsecmn 
 
 if ENABLE_CXX
 lib_LTLIBRARIES += libqsesysxx.la
diff --git a/qse/lib/sys/Makefile.in b/qse/lib/sys/Makefile.in
index fe18e4f7..00751d8b 100644
--- a/qse/lib/sys/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/lib/sys/Makefile.in
@@ -78,10 +78,6 @@ PRE_UNINSTALL = :
 POST_UNINSTALL = :
 build_triplet = @build@
 host_triplet = @host@
-#lib_LTLIBRARIES = libqsesys.la
-#libqsesys_la_SOURCES = 
-#libqsesys_la_LDFLAGS = -L../cmn -version-info 1:0:0 -no-undefined
-#libqsesys_la_LIBADD = -lqsecmn 
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am__append_1 = libqsesysxx.la
 subdir = lib/sys
 DIST_COMMON = $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/Makefile.am \
@@ -130,14 +126,20 @@ am__uninstall_files_from_dir = { \
   }
 am__installdirs = "$(DESTDIR)$(libdir)"
 LTLIBRARIES = $(lib_LTLIBRARIES)
-libqsesysxx_la_DEPENDENCIES =
-am__libqsesysxx_la_SOURCES_DIST = SocketAddress.cpp
-@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am_libqsesysxx_la_OBJECTS = SocketAddress.lo
-libqsesysxx_la_OBJECTS = $(am_libqsesysxx_la_OBJECTS)
+libqsesys_la_DEPENDENCIES =
+am_libqsesys_la_OBJECTS = thr.lo
+libqsesys_la_OBJECTS = $(am_libqsesys_la_OBJECTS)
 AM_V_lt = $(am__v_lt_@AM_V@)
 am__v_lt_ = $(am__v_lt_@AM_DEFAULT_V@)
 am__v_lt_0 = --silent
 am__v_lt_1 = 
+libqsesys_la_LINK = $(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) \
+	$(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=link $(CCLD) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) \
+	$(libqsesys_la_LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
+libqsesysxx_la_DEPENDENCIES =
+am__libqsesysxx_la_SOURCES_DIST = SocketAddress.cpp
+@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am_libqsesysxx_la_OBJECTS = SocketAddress.lo
+libqsesysxx_la_OBJECTS = $(am_libqsesysxx_la_OBJECTS)
 libqsesysxx_la_LINK = $(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CXX \
 	$(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=link $(CXXLD) \
 	$(AM_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $(libqsesysxx_la_LDFLAGS) \
@@ -159,6 +161,24 @@ DEFAULT_INCLUDES =
 depcomp = $(SHELL) $(top_srcdir)/ac/depcomp
 am__depfiles_maybe = depfiles
 am__mv = mv -f
+COMPILE = $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) \
+	$(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)
+LTCOMPILE = $(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) \
+	$(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) \
+	$(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) \
+	$(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)
+AM_V_CC = $(am__v_CC_@AM_V@)
+am__v_CC_ = $(am__v_CC_@AM_DEFAULT_V@)
+am__v_CC_0 = @echo "  CC      " $@;
+am__v_CC_1 = 
+CCLD = $(CC)
+LINK = $(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) \
+	$(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=link $(CCLD) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) \
+	$(AM_LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
+AM_V_CCLD = $(am__v_CCLD_@AM_V@)
+am__v_CCLD_ = $(am__v_CCLD_@AM_DEFAULT_V@)
+am__v_CCLD_0 = @echo "  CCLD    " $@;
+am__v_CCLD_1 = 
 CXXCOMPILE = $(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) \
 	$(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS)
 LTCXXCOMPILE = $(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CXX $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) \
@@ -177,8 +197,9 @@ AM_V_CXXLD = $(am__v_CXXLD_@AM_V@)
 am__v_CXXLD_ = $(am__v_CXXLD_@AM_DEFAULT_V@)
 am__v_CXXLD_0 = @echo "  CXXLD   " $@;
 am__v_CXXLD_1 = 
-SOURCES = $(libqsesysxx_la_SOURCES)
-DIST_SOURCES = $(am__libqsesysxx_la_SOURCES_DIST)
+SOURCES = $(libqsesys_la_SOURCES) $(libqsesysxx_la_SOURCES)
+DIST_SOURCES = $(libqsesys_la_SOURCES) \
+	$(am__libqsesysxx_la_SOURCES_DIST)
 am__can_run_installinfo = \
   case $$AM_UPDATE_INFO_DIR in \
     n|no|NO) false;; \
@@ -384,7 +405,13 @@ AM_CPPFLAGS = \
 	-I$(top_builddir)/include \
 	-I$(top_srcdir)/include
 
-lib_LTLIBRARIES = $(am__append_1)
+lib_LTLIBRARIES = libqsesys.la $(am__append_1)
+libqsesys_la_SOURCES = \
+	thr.c \
+	thr.h
+
+libqsesys_la_LDFLAGS = -L../cmn -version-info 1:0:0 -no-undefined
+libqsesys_la_LIBADD = -lqsecmn 
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@libqsesysxx_la_SOURCES = \
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	SocketAddress.cpp
 
@@ -393,7 +420,7 @@ lib_LTLIBRARIES = $(am__append_1)
 all: all-am
 
 .SUFFIXES:
-.SUFFIXES: .cpp .lo .o .obj
+.SUFFIXES: .c .cpp .lo .o .obj
 $(srcdir)/Makefile.in:  $(srcdir)/Makefile.am  $(am__configure_deps)
 	@for dep in $?; do \
 	  case '$(am__configure_deps)' in \
@@ -460,6 +487,9 @@ clean-libLTLIBRARIES:
 	  rm -f $${locs}; \
 	}
 
+libqsesys.la: $(libqsesys_la_OBJECTS) $(libqsesys_la_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_libqsesys_la_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	$(AM_V_CCLD)$(libqsesys_la_LINK) -rpath $(libdir) $(libqsesys_la_OBJECTS) $(libqsesys_la_LIBADD) $(LIBS)
+
 libqsesysxx.la: $(libqsesysxx_la_OBJECTS) $(libqsesysxx_la_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_libqsesysxx_la_DEPENDENCIES) 
 	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(libqsesysxx_la_LINK) $(am_libqsesysxx_la_rpath) $(libqsesysxx_la_OBJECTS) $(libqsesysxx_la_LIBADD) $(LIBS)
 
@@ -470,6 +500,28 @@ distclean-compile:
 	-rm -f *.tab.c
 
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/SocketAddress.Plo@am__quote@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/thr.Plo@am__quote@
+
+.c.o:
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(COMPILE) -MT $@ -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/$*.Tpo -c -o $@ $<
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) $(DEPDIR)/$*.Tpo $(DEPDIR)/$*.Po
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC)source='$<' object='$@' libtool=no @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(COMPILE) -c -o $@ $<
+
+.c.obj:
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(COMPILE) -MT $@ -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/$*.Tpo -c -o $@ `$(CYGPATH_W) '$<'`
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) $(DEPDIR)/$*.Tpo $(DEPDIR)/$*.Po
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC)source='$<' object='$@' libtool=no @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(COMPILE) -c -o $@ `$(CYGPATH_W) '$<'`
+
+.c.lo:
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(LTCOMPILE) -MT $@ -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/$*.Tpo -c -o $@ $<
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) $(DEPDIR)/$*.Tpo $(DEPDIR)/$*.Plo
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC)source='$<' object='$@' libtool=yes @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(LTCOMPILE) -c -o $@ $<
 
 .cpp.o:
 @am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CXX)$(CXXCOMPILE) -MT $@ -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/$*.Tpo -c -o $@ $<
diff --git a/qse/lib/sys/SocketAddress.cpp b/qse/lib/sys/SocketAddress.cpp
index 86a2b00e..f648e3ae 100644
--- a/qse/lib/sys/SocketAddress.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/sys/SocketAddress.cpp
@@ -89,19 +89,42 @@
 QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 /////////////////////////////////
 
+
+SocketAddress::SocketAddress ()
+{
+	QSE_MEMSET (&this->skad, 0, QSE_SIZEOF(this->skad));
+}
+
+SocketAddress::SocketAddress (int family)
+{
+	QSE_MEMSET (&this->skad, 0, QSE_SIZEOF(this->skad));
+	FAMILY(&this->skad) = family;
+}
+
+SocketAddress::SocketAddress (const qse_skad_t* skad)
+{
+	this->set (skad);
+}
+
+SocketAddress::SocketAddress (const qse_nwad_t* nwad)
+{
+	this->set (nwad);
+}
+
+SocketAddress::SocketAddress (const struct sockaddr* ptr, int len)
+{
+	if (this->set (ptr, len) <= -1)
+	{
+		QSE_MEMSET (&this->skad, 0, QSE_SIZEOF(this->skad));
+	}
+}
+
 int SocketAddress::getFamily () const
 {
 	return FAMILY(&this->skad);
 	//return qse_skadfamily (&this->skad);
 }
 
-void* SocketAddress::getStorage (int* len)
-{
-	if (len) *len = qse_skadsize(&this->skad);
-	return (void*)&this->skad;
-}
-
-
 void SocketAddress::setIpaddr (const qse_ip4ad_t* ipaddr)
 {
 #if defined(AF_INET)
@@ -179,19 +202,19 @@ int SocketAddress::set (const qse_skad_t* skad)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int SocketAddress::set (const void* ptr, int len)
+int SocketAddress::set (const qse_nwad_t* nwad)
+{
+	return qse_nwadtoskad (nwad, &this->skad);
+}
+
+int SocketAddress::set (const struct sockaddr* ptr, int len)
 {
-	if (len < QSE_SIZEOF(struct sockaddr)) return -1;
 	int exp_size = qse_skadsize((const qse_skad_t*)ptr);
 	if (len < exp_size) return -1;
 	QSE_MEMCPY (&this->skad, ptr, exp_size);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int SocketAddress::set (const qse_nwad_t* nwad)
-{
-	return qse_nwadtoskad (nwad, &this->skad);
-}
 
 /////////////////////////////////
 QSE_END_NAMESPACE(QSE)
diff --git a/qse/lib/sys/thr.c b/qse/lib/sys/thr.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d488e67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/lib/sys/thr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ *
+    Copyright (c) 2006-2014 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+
+#include "thr.h"
+#include "../cmn/mem.h"
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#if (!defined(__unix__) && !defined(__unix)) || defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+
+qse_thr_t* qse_thr_open (qse_mmgr_t* mmgr, qse_size_t xtnsize, qse_thr_routine_t routine)
+{
+	qse_thr_t* thr;
+
+	thr = (qse_thr_t*) QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(qse_thr_t) + xtnsize);
+	if (thr)
+	{
+		if (qse_thr_init (thr, mmgr, routine) <= -1)
+		{
+			QSE_MMGR_FREE (mmgr, thr);
+			return QSE_NULL;
+		}
+		else QSE_MEMSET (QSE_XTN(thr), 0, xtnsize);
+	}
+
+	return thr;
+}
+
+void qse_thr_close (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+	qse_thr_fini (thr);
+	QSE_MMGR_FREE (thr->mmgr, thr);
+}
+
+int qse_thr_init (qse_thr_t* thr, qse_mmgr_t* mmgr, qse_thr_routine_t routine)
+{
+	QSE_MEMSET (thr, 0, QSE_SIZEOF(*thr));
+
+	thr->mmgr = mmgr;
+	thr->__handle = QSE_THR_HND_INVALID;
+	thr->__state = QSE_THR_INCUBATING;
+	thr->__return_code = 0;
+	thr->__main_routine = routine;
+	thr->__joinable = 1;
+	thr->__stacksize = 0;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void qse_thr_fini (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+	if (thr->__handle != QSE_THR_HND_INVALID) CloseHandle (thr->__handle);
+#endif
+	thr->__handle = QSE_THR_HND_INVALID;
+}
+
+
+qse_size_t qse_thr_getstacksize (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+	return thr->__stacksize;
+}
+
+void qse_thr_setstacksize (qse_thr_t* thr, qse_size_t num)
+{
+	thr->__stacksize = num;
+}
+
+#if defined(__BEOS__)
+static int32 __thread_main (void* arg)
+#else
+static void* __thread_main (void* arg)
+#endif
+{
+	qse_thr_t* thr = (qse_thr_t*)arg;
+
+	while (thr->__state != QSE_THR_RUNNING) 
+	{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+		Sleep (0);
+#elif defined(HAVE_NANOSLEEP)
+		struct timespec ts;
+		ts.tv_sec =0;
+		ts.tv_nsec = 0;
+		nanosleep (&ts, &ts);
+#else
+		sleep (0);
+#endif
+	}
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__BEOS__)
+	/* 
+	 * the asynchronous cancel-type is used to better emulate
+	 * the bad effect of WIN32's TerminateThread using pthread_cancel 
+	 */
+	pthread_setcancelstate (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE, QSE_NULL);
+	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, QSE_NULL);
+#endif
+
+	thr->__return_code = thr->__temp_routine? thr->__temp_routine(thr): thr->__main_routine(thr);
+	thr->__state = QSE_THR_TERMINATED;
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+	_endthreadex (thr->__return_code);
+	return QSE_NULL;
+#elif defined(__BEOS__)
+	exit_thread (thr->__return_code);
+	return 0;
+#else
+	pthread_exit (&thr->__return_code);
+	return QSE_NULL;
+#endif
+}
+
+static int __create_thread (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+	unsigned int tid;
+
+	if (thr->__handle != QSE_THR_HND_INVALID) CloseHandle (thr->__handle);
+
+	thr->__handle = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex (QSE_NULL, 0, (unsigned int (__stdcall*)(void*))__thread_main, thr, 0, &tid);
+	if (thr->__handle == 0) return -1;
+#elif defined(__BEOS__)
+	thread_id tid;
+
+	tid = spawn_thread ((thread_func)__thread_main, QSE_NULL, 120, thr);
+	if (tid < B_OK) return -1;
+
+	thr->__handle = tid;
+	resume_thread(thr->__handle);
+#elif defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	pthread_attr_t attr;
+	pthread_attr_init (&attr);
+
+	if (pthread_attr_setdetachstate (&attr, (thr->__joinable? 
+		PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE: PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED)) != 0) 
+	{
+		pthread_attr_destroy (&attr);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (thr->__stacksize > 0)
+	{
+		if (pthread_attr_setstacksize (&attr, thr->__stacksize) != 0)
+		{
+			pthread_attr_destroy (&attr);
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (pthread_create (&thr->__handle, &attr, __thread_main, thr) != 0) 
+	{
+		pthread_attr_destroy (&attr);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	pthread_attr_destroy (&attr);
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int __cancel_thread (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+	if (thr->__state != QSE_THR_RUNNING) return -1;
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+	if (TerminateThread (thr->__handle, 0) == 0) return -1;
+#elif defined(__BEOS__)
+	if (kill_thread (thr->__handle) < B_OK) return -1;
+#elif defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	if (pthread_cancel (thr->__handle) != 0) return -1;
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_start (qse_thr_t* thr, int flags, ...)
+{
+	if (thr->__state == QSE_THR_RUNNING) return -1;
+
+	thr->__joinable = ((flags & QSE_THR_DETACHED) == 0);
+	if (flags & QSE_THR_NEW_ROUTINE) 
+	{
+		va_list va;
+		va_start (va, flags);
+		thr->__temp_routine = va_arg (va, qse_thr_routine_t);
+		va_end (va);
+	}
+	else thr->__temp_routine = QSE_NULL;
+
+	if (__create_thread(thr) == -1) 
+	{
+		thr->__state = QSE_THR_INCUBATING;
+		thr->__handle = QSE_THR_HND_INVALID;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	thr->__state = QSE_THR_RUNNING;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_stop (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+	if (thr->__state == QSE_THR_RUNNING) 
+	{
+		if (__cancel_thread(thr) == -1) return -1;
+		/* can't be sure of whether or not the thread is really terminated. */
+ 		thr->__state = QSE_THR_ABORTED;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_join (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+	if (thr->__state == QSE_THR_INCUBATING) return -1;
+	if (!thr->__joinable) return -1;
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+	if (thr->__state == QSE_THR_RUNNING) 
+	{
+		if (WaitForSingleObject (
+			thr->__handle, INFINITE) == WAIT_FAILED) return -1;
+	}
+#elif defined(__BEOS__)
+	if (wait_for_thread(thr->__handle, QSE_NULL) < B_OK) return -1;
+#elif defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	if (pthread_join(thr->__handle, QSE_NULL) != 0) return -1;
+#endif
+
+	thr->__joinable = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_detach (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+	if (thr->__state == QSE_THR_INCUBATING) return -1;
+	if (!thr->__joinable) return -1;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	if (pthread_detach(thr->__handle) != 0) return -1;
+#endif
+
+	thr->__joinable = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_kill (qse_thr_t* thr, int sig)
+{
+	if (thr->__state != QSE_THR_RUNNING) return -1;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	if (pthread_kill (thr->__handle, sig) != 0) return -1;
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_blocksig (qse_thr_t* thr, int sig)
+{
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	sigset_t mask;
+#endif
+
+	if (thr->__state != QSE_THR_RUNNING) return -1;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	sigemptyset (&mask);
+	sigaddset (&mask, sig);
+	if (pthread_sigmask (SIG_BLOCK, &mask, QSE_NULL) != 0) return -1;
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_unblocksig (qse_thr_t* thr, int sig)
+{
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	sigset_t mask;
+#endif
+
+	if (thr->__state != QSE_THR_RUNNING) return -1;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	sigemptyset (&mask);
+	sigaddset (&mask, sig);
+	if (pthread_sigmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &mask, QSE_NULL) != 0) return -1;
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_blockallsigs (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	sigset_t mask;
+#endif
+
+	if (thr->__state != QSE_THR_RUNNING) return -1;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	sigfillset (&mask);
+	if (pthread_sigmask (SIG_BLOCK, &mask, QSE_NULL) != 0) return -1;
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_unblockallsigs (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	sigset_t mask;
+#endif
+
+	if (thr->__state != QSE_THR_RUNNING) return -1;
+	
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+	sigfillset (&mask);
+	if (pthread_sigmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &mask, QSE_NULL) != 0) return -1;
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+qse_thr_hnd_t qse_thr_gethnd (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+	return thr->__handle;
+}
+
+int qse_thr_getretcode (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+	return thr->__return_code;
+}
+
+qse_thr_state_t qse_thr_getstate (qse_thr_t* thr)
+{
+	return thr->__state;
+}
+
+qse_thr_hnd_t qse_getcurthrhnd (void)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+	return GetCurrentThread ();
+#elif defined(__OS2__)
+	return QSE_THR_HND_INVALID; /* TODO: implement this */
+#elif defined(__DOS__)
+	return QSE_THR_HND_INVALID; /* TODO: implement this */
+#elif defined(__BEOS__)
+	return QSE_THR_HND_INVALID; /* TODO: implement this */
+#else
+	return pthread_self ();
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/qse/lib/sys/thr.h b/qse/lib/sys/thr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba99a6f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/lib/sys/thr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ *
+    Copyright (c) 2006-2014 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _QSE_LIB_CMN_THR_H_
+#define _QSE_LIB_CMN_THR_H_
+
+#include <qse/sys/thr.h>
+
+
+#if (!defined(__unix__) && !defined(__unix)) || defined(HAVE_PTHREAD)
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#	include <process.h>
+#	define QSE_THR_HND_INVALID INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE
+#elif defined(__OS2__)
+	/* not implemented */
+
+#elif defined(__DOS__)
+
+	/* not implemented */
+
+#elif defined(__BEOS__)
+#	include <be/kernel/OS.h>
+#	define QSE_THR_HND_INVALID (-1)
+#else
+#	if defined(AIX) && defined(__GNUC__)
+		typedef int crid_t;
+		typedef unsigned int class_id_t;
+#	endif
+#	include <pthread.h>
+#	include <signal.h>
+
+#	define QSE_THR_HND_INVALID 0
+#endif
+
+struct qse_thr_t
+{
+	qse_mmgr_t*       mmgr;
+
+	qse_thr_routine_t __main_routine;
+	qse_thr_routine_t __temp_routine;
+	qse_bool_t        __joinable;
+	qse_size_t        __stacksize;
+
+	qse_thr_hnd_t     __handle;
+	qse_thr_state_t   __state;
+
+	int               __return_code;
+};
+
+#endif
+
+
+#endif