diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/env.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/env.h
index 6e82c9b7..ded0b3e6 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/env.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/env.h
@@ -29,6 +29,15 @@
  * an environment block. 
  */
 
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)
+	typedef qse_wchar_t qse_env_char_t;
+#	define QSE_ENV_CHAR_IS_WCHAR
+#else
+	typedef qse_mchar_t qse_env_char_t;
+#	define QSE_ENV_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
+#endif
+
 /**
  * The qse_env_t type defines a cross-platform environment block.
  */
@@ -42,14 +51,14 @@ struct qse_env_t
 	{
 		qse_size_t  capa;
 		qse_size_t  len;
-		qse_char_t* ptr;
+		qse_env_char_t* ptr;
 	} str;
 
 	struct
 	{
 		qse_size_t   capa;
 		qse_size_t   len;
-		qse_char_t** ptr;
+		qse_env_char_t** ptr;
 	} arr;
 };
 
@@ -87,17 +96,36 @@ void qse_env_clear (
 #define qse_env_getstr(env) ((env)->str.ptr)
 #define qse_env_getarr(env) ((env)->arr.ptr)
 
-int qse_env_insert (
+int qse_env_insertw (
 	qse_env_t*        env,
-	const qse_char_t* name,
-	const qse_char_t* value
+	const qse_wchar_t* name,
+	const qse_wchar_t* value
 );
 
-int qse_env_delete (
+int qse_env_insertm (
 	qse_env_t*        env,
-	const qse_char_t* name
+	const qse_mchar_t* name,
+	const qse_mchar_t* value
 );
 
+int qse_env_deletew (
+	qse_env_t*        env,
+	const qse_wchar_t* name
+);
+
+int qse_env_deletem (
+	qse_env_t*        env,
+	const qse_mchar_t* name
+);
+
+#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)
+#	define qse_env_insert(env,name,value) qse_env_insertw(env,name,value)
+#	define qse_env_delete(env,name) qse_env_deletew(env,name)
+#else
+#	define qse_env_insert(env,name,value) qse_env_insertm(env,name,value)
+#	define qse_env_delete(env,name) qse_env_deletem(env,name)
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/pio.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/pio.h
index 9372ba25..b9e9fa0d 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/pio.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/pio.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * $Id: pio.h 533 2011-08-04 15:43:28Z hyunghwan.chung $
+ * $Id: pio.h 538 2011-08-09 16:08:26Z hyunghwan.chung $
  *
     Copyright 2006-2011 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
     This file is part of QSE.
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <qse/types.h>
 #include <qse/macros.h>
 #include <qse/cmn/tio.h>
+#include <qse/cmn/env.h>
 
 /** @file 
  * This file defines a piped interface to a child process. You can execute
@@ -190,12 +191,15 @@ QSE_DEFINE_COMMON_FUNCTIONS (pio)
  * pipes to it. #QSE_PIO_SHELL causes the function to execute @a cmd via 
  * the default shell of an underlying system: /bin/sh on *nix, cmd.exe on win32.
  * On *nix systems, a full path to the command is needed if it is not specified.
+ * If @a env is #QSE_NULL, the environment of @a cmd inherits that of the 
+ * calling process.
  * @return #qse_pio_t object on success, #QSE_NULL on failure
  */
 qse_pio_t* qse_pio_open (
 	qse_mmgr_t*       mmgr,   /**< memory manager */
 	qse_size_t        ext,    /**< extension size */
 	const qse_char_t* cmd,    /**< command to execute */
+	qse_env_t*        env,    /**< environment */
 	int               oflags  /**< 0 or a number OR'ed of the
 	                              #qse_pio_oflag_t enumerators*/
 );
@@ -218,6 +222,7 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 	qse_pio_t*        pio,    /**< pio object */
 	qse_mmgr_t*       mmgr,   /**< memory manager */
 	const qse_char_t* cmd,    /**< command to execute */
+	qse_env_t*  env,          /**< environment */
 	int               oflags  /**< 0 or a number OR'ed of the
 	                              #qse_pio_oflag_t enumerators*/
 );
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp b/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp
index f43da3d9..13a28ab9 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * $Id: StdAwk.cpp 516 2011-07-23 09:03:48Z hyunghwan.chung $
+ * $Id: StdAwk.cpp 538 2011-08-09 16:08:26Z hyunghwan.chung $
  *
     Copyright 2006-2011 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
     This file is part of QSE.
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ int StdAwk::openPipe (Pipe& io)
 		this->getMmgr(),
 		0, 
 		io.getName(), 
+		QSE_NULL,
 		flags
 	);
 	if (pio == QSE_NULL) return -1;
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/std.c b/qse/lib/awk/std.c
index 67757636..3295ea82 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/std.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/std.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * $Id: std.c 519 2011-07-24 14:42:23Z hyunghwan.chung $
+ * $Id: std.c 538 2011-08-09 16:08:26Z hyunghwan.chung $
  *
     Copyright 2006-2011 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
     This file is part of QSE.
@@ -780,6 +780,7 @@ static qse_ssize_t awk_rio_pipe (
 				rtx->awk->mmgr,
 				0, 
 				riod->name, 
+				QSE_NULL,
 				flags|QSE_PIO_SHELL|QSE_PIO_TEXT
 			);
 
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/env.c b/qse/lib/cmn/env.c
index ca3841e8..7089cf66 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/env.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/env.c
@@ -81,7 +81,11 @@ void qse_env_clear (qse_env_t* env)
 {
 	if (env->str.ptr) 
 	{
-		env->str.ptr[0] = QSE_T('\0');
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)
+		env->str.ptr[0] = QSE_WT('\0');
+#else
+		env->str.ptr[0] = QSE_MT('\0');
+#endif
 		env->str.len = 0;
 	}
 	if (env->arr.ptr) 
@@ -93,10 +97,10 @@ void qse_env_clear (qse_env_t* env)
 
 static int expandarr (qse_env_t* env)
 {
-	qse_char_t** tmp;
+	qse_env_char_t** tmp;
 	qse_size_t ncapa = env->arr.capa + ARRSIZE;
 
-	tmp = (qse_char_t**) QSE_MMGR_REALLOC (
+	tmp = (qse_env_char_t**) QSE_MMGR_REALLOC (
 		env->mmgr, env->arr.ptr,
 		QSE_SIZEOF(qse_char_t*) * (ncapa + 1));
 	if (tmp == QSE_NULL) return -1;
@@ -109,15 +113,15 @@ static int expandarr (qse_env_t* env)
 
 static int expandstr (qse_env_t* env, qse_size_t inc)
 {
-	qse_char_t* tmp;
+	qse_env_char_t* tmp;
 	qse_size_t ncapa;
 
 	ncapa = (inc > STRSIZE)? 
 		(env->str.capa + inc): (env->str.capa + STRSIZE);
 
-	tmp = (qse_char_t*) QSE_MMGR_REALLOC (
+	tmp = (qse_env_char_t*) QSE_MMGR_REALLOC (
 		env->mmgr, env->str.ptr, 
-		QSE_SIZEOF(qse_char_t) * (ncapa + 1));
+		QSE_SIZEOF(*tmp) * (ncapa + 1));
 	if (tmp == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
 	if (tmp != env->str.ptr)
@@ -127,7 +131,8 @@ static int expandstr (qse_env_t* env, qse_size_t inc)
 		qse_size_t i;
 		for (i = 0; i < env->arr.len; i++)
 		{
-			env->arr.ptr[i] = tmp + (env->arr.ptr[i] - env->str.ptr);
+			qse_env_char_t* cur = env->arr.ptr[i];
+			env->arr.ptr[i] = tmp + (cur - env->str.ptr);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -137,13 +142,13 @@ static int expandstr (qse_env_t* env, qse_size_t inc)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int qse_env_insert (
-	qse_env_t* env, const qse_char_t* name, const qse_char_t* value)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)
+static int insertw (qse_env_t* env, const qse_wchar_t* name, const qse_wchar_t* value)
 {
 	qse_size_t nl, vl, tl;
 
-	nl = qse_strlen (name);
-	vl = qse_strlen (value);
+	nl = qse_wcslen (name);
+	vl = qse_wcslen (value);
 
 	if (env->arr.len >= env->arr.capa &&
 	    expandarr(env) <= -1) return -1;
@@ -155,44 +160,53 @@ int qse_env_insert (
 	env->arr.ptr[env->arr.len++] = &env->str.ptr[env->str.len];
 	env->arr.ptr[env->arr.len] = QSE_NULL;
 
-	env->str.len += qse_strcpy (&env->str.ptr[env->str.len], name);
-	env->str.ptr[env->str.len++] = QSE_T('=');
-	env->str.len += qse_strcpy (&env->str.ptr[env->str.len], value);
-	env->str.ptr[++env->str.len] = QSE_T('\0'); 
+	env->str.len += qse_wcscpy (&env->str.ptr[env->str.len], name);
+	env->str.ptr[env->str.len++] = QSE_WT('=');
+	env->str.len += qse_wcscpy (&env->str.ptr[env->str.len], value);
+	env->str.ptr[++env->str.len] = QSE_WT('\0'); 
 
 	return -1;
 }
 
-int qse_env_delete (qse_env_t* env, const qse_char_t* name)
+static int add_envstrw (qse_env_t* env, const qse_wchar_t* nv)
+{
+	qse_size_t tl;
+	
+	if (env->arr.len >= env->arr.capa &&
+	    expandarr(env) <= -1) return -1;
+
+	tl = qse_wcslen(nv) + 1;
+	if (env->str.len + tl > env->str.capa &&
+	    expandstr (env, tl) <= -1) return -1;
+
+	env->arr.ptr[env->arr.len++] = &env->str.ptr[env->str.len];
+	env->arr.ptr[env->arr.len] = QSE_NULL;
+
+	env->str.len += qse_wcscpy (&env->str.ptr[env->str.len], nv);
+	env->str.ptr[++env->str.len] = QSE_WT('\0'); 
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int deletem (qse_env_t* env, const qse_wchar_t* name)
 {
 	qse_size_t i;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < env->arr.len; i++)
 	{
-		const qse_char_t* eq;
-		qse_char_t* vp;
+		const qse_wchar_t* eq;
+		qse_wchar_t* vp;
 
 		vp = env->arr.ptr[i];
 
-//qse_printf (QSE_T("comparing [%s] []\n"), vp);
-		eq = qse_strbeg (vp, name);
-		if (eq && *eq == QSE_T('='))
+		eq = qse_wcsbeg (vp, name);
+		if (eq && *eq == QSE_WT('='))
 		{
 			/* bingo */
 			qse_size_t len, rem;
 
-/*
-5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
-A B C = D  E  F \0  X  = Y  Y  \0 Z  =  T  T  \0 \0
-
-env->str.len = 18
-env->str.ptr = 5
-vp = 13
-len = 4 + 1
-*/
-			len = qse_strlen (vp) + 1;
+			len = qse_mbslen (vp) + 1;
 			rem = env->str.len - (vp + len - env->str.ptr) + 1;
-			QSE_MEMCPY (vp, vp + len, rem * QSE_SIZEOF(qse_char_t));
+			QSE_MEMCPY (vp, vp + len, rem * QSE_SIZEOF(*vp));
 			env->str.len -= len;
 
 			env->arr.len--;
@@ -207,25 +221,180 @@ len = 4 + 1
 	return -1;
 }
 
-static int add_envstr (qse_env_t* env, const qse_char_t* nv)
+#else
+static int insertm (qse_env_t* env, const qse_mchar_t* name, const qse_mchar_t* value)
 {
-	qse_size_t tl;
-	
+	qse_size_t nl, vl, tl;
+
+	nl = qse_mbslen (name);
+	vl = qse_mbslen (value);
+
 	if (env->arr.len >= env->arr.capa &&
 	    expandarr(env) <= -1) return -1;
 
-	tl = qse_strlen(nv) + 1;
+	tl = nl + 1 + vl + 1; /* name = value '\0' */
 	if (env->str.len + tl > env->str.capa &&
 	    expandstr (env, tl) <= -1) return -1;
 
 	env->arr.ptr[env->arr.len++] = &env->str.ptr[env->str.len];
 	env->arr.ptr[env->arr.len] = QSE_NULL;
 
-	env->str.len += qse_strcpy (&env->str.ptr[env->str.len], nv);
-	env->str.ptr[++env->str.len] = QSE_T('\0'); 
+	env->str.len += qse_mbscpy (&env->str.ptr[env->str.len], name);
+	env->str.ptr[env->str.len++] = QSE_MT('=');
+	env->str.len += qse_mbscpy (&env->str.ptr[env->str.len], value);
+	env->str.ptr[++env->str.len] = QSE_MT('\0'); 
+
+	return -1;
+}
+
+static int add_envstrm (qse_env_t* env, const qse_mchar_t* nv)
+{
+	qse_size_t tl;
+	
+	if (env->arr.len >= env->arr.capa &&
+	    expandarr(env) <= -1) return -1;
+
+	tl = qse_mbslen(nv) + 1;
+	if (env->str.len + tl > env->str.capa &&
+	    expandstr (env, tl) <= -1) return -1;
+
+	env->arr.ptr[env->arr.len++] = &env->str.ptr[env->str.len];
+	env->arr.ptr[env->arr.len] = QSE_NULL;
+
+	env->str.len += qse_mbscpy (&env->str.ptr[env->str.len], nv);
+	env->str.ptr[++env->str.len] = QSE_MT('\0'); 
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int deletem (qse_env_t* env, const qse_mchar_t* name)
+{
+	qse_size_t i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < env->arr.len; i++)
+	{
+		const qse_mchar_t* eq;
+		qse_mchar_t* vp;
+
+		vp = env->arr.ptr[i];
+
+		eq = qse_mbsbeg (vp, name);
+		if (eq && *eq == QSE_MT('='))
+		{
+			/* bingo */
+			qse_size_t len, rem;
+
+			len = qse_mbslen (vp) + 1;
+			rem = env->str.len - (vp + len - env->str.ptr) + 1;
+			QSE_MEMCPY (vp, vp + len, rem * QSE_SIZEOF(*vp));
+			env->str.len -= len;
+
+			env->arr.len--;
+			for (; i < env->arr.len; i++)
+				env->arr.ptr[i] = env->arr.ptr[i+1] - len;
+			env->arr.ptr[i] = QSE_NULL;
+
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return -1;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+int qse_env_insertw (
+	qse_env_t* env, const qse_wchar_t* name, const qse_wchar_t* value)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)
+	/* no conversion -> wchar */
+	return insertw (env, name, value);
+#else
+	/* convert wchar to mchar */
+	qse_mchar_t* namedup, * valuedup;
+	int n;
+
+	namedup = qse_wcstombsdup (name, env->mmgr);
+	if (namedup == QSE_NULL) return -1;
+	valuedup = qse_wcstombsdup (value, env->mmgr);
+	if (valuedup == QSE_NULL)
+	{
+		QSE_MMGR_FREE (env->mmgr, namedup);
+		return -1;
+	}
+	n = insertm (env, namedup, valuedup);
+	QSE_MMGR_FREE (env->mmgr, valuedup);
+	QSE_MMGR_FREE (env->mmgr, namedup);
+
+	return n;
+#endif
+}
+
+int qse_env_insertm (
+	qse_env_t* env, const qse_mchar_t* name, const qse_mchar_t* value)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)
+	/* convert mchar to wchar */
+	qse_wchar_t* namedup, * valuedup;
+	int n;
+
+	namedup = qse_mbstowcsdup (name, env->mmgr);
+	if (namedup == QSE_NULL) return -1;
+	valuedup = qse_mbstowcsdup (value, env->mmgr);
+	if (valuedup == QSE_NULL)
+	{
+		QSE_MMGR_FREE (env->mmgr, namedup);
+		return -1;
+	}
+	n = insertw (env, namedup, valuedup);
+	QSE_MMGR_FREE (env->mmgr, valuedup);
+	QSE_MMGR_FREE (env->mmgr, namedup);
+
+	return n;
+#else
+	/* no conversion -> mchar */
+	return insertm (env, name, value);
+#endif
+
+}
+
+int qse_env_deletew (qse_env_t* env, const qse_wchar_t* name)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)
+	return deletew (env, name);
+#else
+	/* convert wchar to mchar */
+	qse_mchar_t* namedup;
+	int n;
+
+	namedup = qse_wcstombsdup (name, env->mmgr);
+	if (namedup == QSE_NULL) return -1;
+
+	n = deletem (env, namedup);
+
+	QSE_MMGR_FREE (env->mmgr, namedup);
+	return n;
+#endif
+}
+
+int qse_env_deletem (qse_env_t* env, const qse_mchar_t* name)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)
+	/* convert mchar to wchar */
+	qse_wchar_t* namedup;
+	int n;
+
+	namedup = qse_mbstowcsdup (name, env->mmgr);
+	if (namedup == QSE_NULL) return -1;
+
+	n = deletew (env, namedup);
+
+	QSE_MMGR_FREE (env->mmgr, namedup);
+	return n;
+#else
+	return deletem (env, name);
+#endif
+}
+
 static int load_curenv (qse_env_t* env)
 {
 #if defined(_WIN32)
@@ -235,15 +404,19 @@ static int load_curenv (qse_env_t* env)
 	envstr = GetEnvironmentStrings ();
 	if (envstr == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
-	while (*envstr != QSE_T('\0'))
+#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)
+	while (*envstr != QSE_WT('\0'))
 	{
-		if (qse_env_addraw (env, envstr) <= -1) 
-		{
-			ret = -1;
-			goto done;
-		}
-		envstr += qse_strlen(lpszVariable) + 1;
+		if (add_envstrw (env, envstr) <= -1) { ret = -1; goto done; }
+		envstr += qse_wcslen(evnstr) + 1;
 	}		
+#else
+	while (*envstr != QSE_MT('\0'))
+	{
+		if (add_envstrm (env, envstr) <= -1) { ret = -1; goto done; }
+		envstr += qse_mbslen(evnstr) + 1;
+	}		
+#endif
 
 done:
 	FreeEnvironmentStrings (envstr);
@@ -259,31 +432,12 @@ done:
 	extern char** environ;
 	char** p = environ;
 
-#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
 	while (*p)
 	{
-		if (qse_env_addraw (env, *p) <= -1) return -1;
+		if (add_envstrm (env, *p) <= -1) return -1;
 		p++;	
 	}
 				
-#else
-	while (*p)
-	{
-		int n;
-		qse_char_t* x;
-
-		x = qse_mbstowcsdup (*p, env->mmgr);
-		if (x == QSE_NULL) return -1;
-
-		n = add_envstr (env, x);
-		QSE_MMGR_FREE (env->mmgr, x);
-
-		if (n <= -1) return -1;
-
-		p++;	
-	}
-#endif
-
 	return 0;
 #endif
 }
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c b/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c
index eca43a9c..1c1641f3 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * $Id: pio.c 534 2011-08-04 15:53:43Z hyunghwan.chung $
+ * $Id: pio.c 538 2011-08-09 16:08:26Z hyunghwan.chung $
  *
     Copyright 2006-2011 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
     This file is part of QSE.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ static qse_ssize_t pio_output (int cmd, void* arg, void* buf, qse_size_t size);
 
 qse_pio_t* qse_pio_open (
 	qse_mmgr_t* mmgr, qse_size_t ext, 
-	const qse_char_t* cmd, int oflags)
+	const qse_char_t* cmd, qse_env_t* env, int oflags)
 {
 	qse_pio_t* pio;
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_open (
 	pio = QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(qse_pio_t) + ext);
 	if (pio == QSE_NULL) return QSE_NULL;
 
-	if (qse_pio_init (pio, mmgr, cmd, oflags) == QSE_NULL)
+	if (qse_pio_init (pio, mmgr, cmd, env, oflags) == QSE_NULL)
 	{
 		QSE_MMGR_FREE (mmgr, pio);
 		return QSE_NULL;
@@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ void qse_pio_close (qse_pio_t* pio)
 }
 
 qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
-	qse_pio_t* pio, qse_mmgr_t* mmgr, const qse_char_t* cmd, int oflags)
+	qse_pio_t* pio, qse_mmgr_t* mmgr, const qse_char_t* cmd, 
+	qse_env_t* env, int oflags)
 {
 	qse_pio_hnd_t handle[6] = 
 	{ 
@@ -270,7 +271,7 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 #else
 		CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT, /* DWORD dwCreationFlags */
 #endif
-		NULL, /* LPVOID lpEnvironment */
+		(env? qse_env_getstr(env): QSE_NULL), /* LPVOID lpEnvironment */
 		NULL, /* LPCTSTR lpCurrentDirectory */
 		&startup, /* LPSTARTUPINFO lpStartupInfo */
 		&procinfo /* LPPROCESS_INFORMATION lpProcessInformation */
@@ -574,7 +575,6 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 
 		qse_pio_hnd_t devnull;
 		qse_mchar_t* mcmd;
-		extern char** environ; 
 		int fcnt = 0;
 	#ifndef QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
 		qse_size_t n, mn, wl;
@@ -763,6 +763,7 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 		if (oflags & QSE_PIO_SHELL)
 		{
 			const qse_mchar_t* argv[4];
+			extern char** environ;
 
 			argv[0] = QSE_MT("/bin/sh");
 			argv[1] = QSE_MT("-c");
@@ -771,12 +772,15 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 
 			QSE_EXECVE (
 				QSE_MT("/bin/sh"),
-				(qse_mchar_t*const*)argv, environ);
+				(qse_mchar_t*const*)argv, 
+				(env? qse_env_getarr(env): environ)
+			);
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			int i;
 			qse_mchar_t** argv;
+			extern char** environ;
 
 			argv = QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (pio->mmgr, (fcnt+1)*QSE_SIZEOF(argv[0]));
 			if (argv == QSE_NULL) goto child_oops;
@@ -789,7 +793,7 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 			}
 			argv[i] = QSE_NULL;
 
-			QSE_EXECVE (argv[0], argv, environ);
+			QSE_EXECVE (argv[0], argv, (env? qse_env_getarr(env): environ));
 
 			/* this won't be reached if execve succeeds */
 			QSE_MMGR_FREE (pio->mmgr, argv);
diff --git a/qse/lib/net/httpd_task.c b/qse/lib/net/httpd_task.c
index 115cd198..afae3e1c 100644
--- a/qse/lib/net/httpd_task.c
+++ b/qse/lib/net/httpd_task.c
@@ -675,6 +675,7 @@ struct task_cgi_t
 	const qse_char_t* path;
 	qse_http_version_t version;
 
+	qse_env_t* env;
 	qse_pio_t* pio;
 	qse_htrd_t* htrd;
 
@@ -839,6 +840,7 @@ static void task_fini_cgi (
 	qse_httpd_t* httpd, qse_httpd_client_t* client, qse_httpd_task_t* task)
 {
 	task_cgi_t* cgi = (task_cgi_t*)task->ctx;
+	if (cgi->env) qse_env_close (cgi->env);
 	if (cgi->pio) qse_pio_close (cgi->pio);
 	if (cgi->res) qse_mbs_close (cgi->res);
 	if (cgi->htrd) qse_htrd_close (cgi->htrd);
@@ -1090,11 +1092,7 @@ static int task_main_cgi (
 	cgi_htrd_xtn_t* xtn;
 
 	cgi->htrd = qse_htrd_open (httpd->mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(cgi_htrd_xtn_t));
-	if (cgi->htrd == QSE_NULL)
-	{
-qse_printf (QSE_T("internal server error....\n"));
-return 0;
-	}
+	if (cgi->htrd == QSE_NULL) goto oops;
 	xtn = (cgi_htrd_xtn_t*) qse_htrd_getxtn (cgi->htrd);
 	xtn->cgi = cgi;
 	qse_htrd_setrecbs (cgi->htrd, &cgi_htrd_cbs);
@@ -1106,31 +1104,32 @@ return 0;
 	);
 
 	cgi->res = qse_mbs_open (httpd->mmgr, 0, 256);
-	if (cgi->res == QSE_NULL)
-	{
-		/* TODO: entask internal server errror */
-		qse_htrd_close (cgi->htrd);
-qse_printf (QSE_T("internal server error....\n"));
-		return 0;
-	}
+	if (cgi->res == QSE_NULL) goto oops;
+
+	cgi->env = qse_env_open (httpd->mmgr, 0, 0);
+	if (cgi->env == QSE_NULL) goto oops;
+
+qse_env_insertm (cgi->env, QSE_MT("QUERY_STRING"), QSE_MT("what the hell"));
+qse_env_insertm (cgi->env, QSE_MT("CLIENT_IPADDR"), QSE_MT("2.3.4.5"));
 
 qse_printf (QSE_T("[pio open for %s]\n"), cgi->path);
-	cgi->pio = qse_pio_open (httpd->mmgr, 0, cgi->path, QSE_PIO_READOUT | QSE_PIO_WRITEIN | QSE_PIO_ERRTONUL);
-	if (cgi->pio == QSE_NULL)
-	{
-		/* TODO: entask internal server errror */
-		qse_mbs_close (cgi->res);
-		qse_htrd_close (cgi->htrd);
-qse_printf (QSE_T("internal server error....\n"));
-		return 0;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-	}
-
+	cgi->pio = qse_pio_open (
+		httpd->mmgr, 0, cgi->path, cgi->env,
+		QSE_PIO_READOUT | QSE_PIO_WRITEIN | QSE_PIO_ERRTONUL
+	);
+	if (cgi->pio == QSE_NULL) goto oops;
+	
 qse_printf (QSE_T("[calling cgi_2 ]\n"));
 	task->main = task_main_cgi_2; /* cause this function to be called subsequently */
 	return task_main_cgi_2 (httpd, client, task); /* let me call it here once */
+
+oops:
+/* TODO: internal server error */
+	if (cgi->env) qse_env_close (cgi->env);
+	if (cgi->res) qse_mbs_close (cgi->res);
+	if (cgi->htrd) qse_htrd_close (cgi->htrd);
+qse_printf (QSE_T("internal server error....\n"));
+	return 0;
 }
 
 qse_httpd_task_t* qse_httpd_entaskcgi (
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/env.c b/qse/samples/cmn/env.c
index 8b4ed824..96ee2889 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/env.c
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/env.c
@@ -8,11 +8,56 @@
 		if (f() == -1) return -1; \
 	} while (0)
 
+static void dump (qse_env_t* env)
+{
+	const qse_env_char_t* envstr;
+	qse_env_char_t** envarr;
+
+	envstr = qse_env_getstr (env);
+	if (envstr)
+	{
+#if (defined(QSE_ENV_CHAR_IS_WCHAR) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)) || \
+    (defined(QSE_ENV_CHAR_IS_MCHAR) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)) 
+		while (*envstr != QSE_T('\0'))
+		{
+			qse_printf (QSE_T("%p [%s]\n"), envstr, envstr);
+			envstr += qse_strlen(envstr) + 1;
+		}
+#elif defined(QSE_ENV_CHAR_IS_WCHAR) 
+		while (*envstr != QSE_WT('\0'))
+		{
+			qse_printf (QSE_T("%p [%S]\n"), envstr, envstr);
+			envstr += qse_wcslen(envstr) + 1;
+		}
+#else
+		while (*envstr != QSE_MT('\0'))
+		{
+			qse_printf (QSE_T("%p [%S]\n"), envstr, envstr);
+			envstr += qse_mbslen(envstr) + 1;
+		}
+#endif
+	}
+
+	qse_printf (QSE_T("=====\n"));
+	envarr = qse_env_getarr (env);
+	if (envarr)
+	{
+		while (*envarr)
+		{
+#if (defined(QSE_ENV_CHAR_IS_WCHAR) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_WCHAR)) || \
+    (defined(QSE_ENV_CHAR_IS_MCHAR) && defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)) 
+			qse_printf (QSE_T("%p [%s]\n"), *envarr, *envarr);
+#else
+			qse_printf (QSE_T("%p [%S]\n"), *envarr, *envarr);
+#endif
+			envarr++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 static int test1 (void)
 {
 	qse_env_t* env;
-	const qse_char_t* envstr;
-	qse_char_t** envarr;
 
 	env = qse_env_open (QSE_NULL, 0, 0);
 
@@ -30,30 +75,10 @@ static int test1 (void)
 	qse_env_insert (env, QSE_T("donkey"), QSE_T("mule"));
 	qse_env_insert (env, QSE_T("lily"), QSE_T("rose"));
 
-
 	qse_env_delete (env, QSE_T("cool"));
 	qse_env_insert (env, QSE_T("spider"), QSE_T("man"));
 
-	envstr = qse_env_getstr (env);
-	if (envstr)
-	{
-		while (*envstr != QSE_T('\0'))
-		{
-			qse_printf (QSE_T("%p [%s]\n"), envstr, envstr);
-			envstr += qse_strlen(envstr) + 1;
-		}
-	}
-
-	qse_printf (QSE_T("=====\n"));
-	envarr = qse_env_getarr (env);
-	if (envarr)
-	{
-		while (*envarr)
-		{
-			qse_printf (QSE_T("%p [%s]\n"), *envarr, *envarr);
-			envarr++;
-		}
-	}
+	dump (env);
 
 	qse_env_close (env);	
 	return 0;
@@ -62,8 +87,6 @@ static int test1 (void)
 static int test2 (void)
 {
 	qse_env_t* env;
-	const qse_char_t* envstr;
-	qse_char_t** envarr;
 
 	env = qse_env_open (QSE_NULL, 0, 1);
 
@@ -76,27 +99,7 @@ static int test2 (void)
 			QSE_T("SUCCESS"): QSE_T("FAILURE"))
 	);
 
-	envstr = qse_env_getstr (env);
-	if (envstr)
-	{
-		while (*envstr != QSE_T('\0'))
-		{
-			qse_printf (QSE_T("%p [%s]\n"), envstr, envstr);
-			envstr += qse_strlen(envstr) + 1;
-		}
-	}
-
-
-	qse_printf (QSE_T("=====\n"));
-	envarr = qse_env_getarr (env);
-	if (envarr)
-	{
-		while (*envarr)
-		{
-			qse_printf (QSE_T("%p [%s]\n"), *envarr, *envarr);
-			envarr++;
-		}
-	}
+	dump (env);
 
 	qse_env_close (env);	
 	return 0;
diff --git a/qse/samples/cmn/pio.c b/qse/samples/cmn/pio.c
index 4c42d77f..e4a2c989 100644
--- a/qse/samples/cmn/pio.c
+++ b/qse/samples/cmn/pio.c
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ static int pio1 (const qse_char_t* cmd, int oflags, qse_pio_hid_t rhid)
 		QSE_NULL,
 		0,
 		cmd,
+		QSE_NULL,
 		oflags
 	);
 	if (pio == QSE_NULL)
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ static int pio2 (const qse_char_t* cmd, int oflags, qse_pio_hid_t rhid)
 		QSE_NULL,
 		0,
 		cmd,
+		QSE_NULL,
 		oflags | QSE_PIO_TEXT
 	);
 	if (pio == QSE_NULL)
@@ -254,6 +256,7 @@ static int test9 (void)
 #else
 		QSE_T("/bin/ls -laF"),
 #endif
+		QSE_NULL,
 		QSE_PIO_READOUT|QSE_PIO_READERR|QSE_PIO_WRITEIN
 	);
 	if (pio == QSE_NULL)