diff --git a/qse/cmd/sed/sed.c b/qse/cmd/sed/sed.c
index 187510d3..8e805902 100644
--- a/qse/cmd/sed/sed.c
+++ b/qse/cmd/sed/sed.c
@@ -212,8 +212,7 @@ static int add_script (const qse_char_t* str, int mem)
 	else
 	{
 		g_script.io[g_script.size].type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_FILE;
-		g_script.io[g_script.size].u.file.path = 
-			(qse_strcmp (str, QSE_T("-")) == 0)? QSE_NULL: str;
+		g_script.io[g_script.size].u.file.path = str;
 		g_script.io[g_script.size].u.file.cmgr = g_script_cmgr;
 	}
 	g_script.size++;
@@ -797,6 +796,8 @@ static int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 		qse_sed_iostd_t* output = QSE_NULL;
 		int inpos;
 
+		/* a dash is treated specially for QSE_SED_IOSTD_FILE in
+		 * qse_sed_execstd(). so make an exception here */
 		if (g_output_file && 
 		    qse_strcmp (g_output_file, QSE_T("-")) != 0)
 		{
@@ -833,8 +834,7 @@ static int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 			qse_char_t* tmpl_tmpfile;
 			
 			in[0].type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_FILE;
-			in[0].u.file.path =
-				(qse_strcmp (xarg.ptr[inpos], QSE_T("-")) == 0)?  QSE_NULL: xarg.ptr[inpos];
+			in[0].u.file.path = xarg.ptr[inpos];
 			in[0].u.file.cmgr = g_infile_cmgr;
 			in[1].type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_NULL;
 
@@ -954,8 +954,7 @@ static int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 			{
 				in[i].type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_FILE;
 				tmp = xarg.ptr[i];
-				in[i].u.file.path =
-					(qse_strcmp (tmp, QSE_T("-")) == 0)? QSE_NULL: tmp;
+				in[i].u.file.path = tmp;
 				in[i].u.file.cmgr = g_infile_cmgr;
 			}
 
@@ -965,9 +964,7 @@ static int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 		if (g_output_file)
 		{
 			out.type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_FILE;
-			out.u.file.path = 
-				(qse_strcmp (g_output_file, QSE_T("-")) == 0)? 
-				QSE_NULL: g_output_file;
+			out.u.file.path = g_output_file;
 			out.u.file.cmgr = g_outfile_cmgr;
 		}
 		else
diff --git a/qse/doc/Doxyfile.in b/qse/doc/Doxyfile.in
index dae97846..6c087b13 100644
--- a/qse/doc/Doxyfile.in
+++ b/qse/doc/Doxyfile.in
@@ -735,9 +735,7 @@ EXAMPLE_PATH           = @top_srcdir@/samples \
 # and *.h) to filter out the source-files in the directories. If left
 # blank all files are included.
 
-EXAMPLE_PATTERNS       = *.c \
-                         *.cpp \
-                         awk00.h
+EXAMPLE_PATTERNS       = *.c *.cpp awk00.h sed00.h
 	
 
 # If the EXAMPLE_RECURSIVE tag is set to YES then subdirectories will be
@@ -1554,6 +1552,7 @@ PREDEFINED             = "QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(x)=namespace x {" \
                          "QSE_SIZEOF_OFF_T=@QSE_SIZEOF_OFF_T@" \
                          "QSE_SIZEOF_OFF64_T=@QSE_SIZEOF_OFF64_T@" \
                          "QSE_EXPORT=" \
+					"QSE_ENABLE_SEDTRACER=" \
                          "@CHAR_MODE@"
 
 # If the MACRO_EXPANSION and EXPAND_ONLY_PREDEF tags are set to YES then
diff --git a/qse/doc/page/awk-embed.md b/qse/doc/page/awk-embed.md
index a2421195..a2230296 100644
--- a/qse/doc/page/awk-embed.md
+++ b/qse/doc/page/awk-embed.md
@@ -221,3 +221,23 @@ the cmgr field moved from the union member file to the outer structure.
 
 ### 0 upon Opening ###
 I/O handlers can return 0 for success upon opening.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\skipline ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+\skipline the sample files are listed here for example list generation purpose.
+\skipline ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+\example awk01.c
+\example awk02.c
+\example awk03.c
+\example awk04.c
+\example awk05.c
+\example awk06.c
+\example awk07.c
+\example awk21.cpp
+\example awk22.cpp
+\example awk23.cpp
+
diff --git a/qse/doc/page/sed-embed.md b/qse/doc/page/sed-embed.md
index bfdd5401..21850edd 100644
--- a/qse/doc/page/sed-embed.md
+++ b/qse/doc/page/sed-embed.md
@@ -27,14 +27,51 @@ You can call qse_sed_compstdfile() instead of qse_sed_compstdstr() to compile
 sed commands stored in a file. You can use qse_sed_compstd() or qse_sed_comp()
 for more flexibility. 
 
-Customize Console
------------------
+Locale
+------
 
-Accessing Pattern Space
------------------------
+While QSESED can use a wide character type as the default character type,
+the hosting program still has to initialize the locale whenever necessary.
+All the samples shown in this page calls a common function 
+init_sed_sample_locale(), use the qse_main() macro as the main function,
+and call qse_runmain() for cross-platform and cross-character-set support.
 
-Accessing Hold Space
---------------------
+Here is the function prototype.
+
+ \includelineno sed00.h
+
+Here goes the actual function.
+
+ \includelineno sed00.c
+
+Note that these two files do not constitute QSEAWK and are used for samples
+here only.
+
+Customizing Streams
+-------------------
+
+You can use qse_sed_execstd() in customzing the input and output streams.
+The sample below uses I/O resources of the #QSE_SED_IOSTD_STR type to use
+an argument as input data and let the output to be dynamically allocated.
+
+ \includelineno sed02.c
+
+You can use the core layer function qse_sed_exec() and implement the 
+::qse_sed_io_impl_t interface for more flexibility. No samples will
+be provided here because the standard layer functions qse_sed_execstd() 
+and qse_sed_execstdfile() are the good samples.
+
+Accessing Pattern and Hold Space
+--------------------------------
+
+The qse_sed_getspace() allows to you get the pointer and the length
+of the pattern space and the hold space. It may not be so useful you 
+access them after execution is completed. The qse_sed_setexectracer()
+function lets you set up a hook function during execution time.
+The following sample prints the contents of the pattern space and
+hold space at each phase of execution.
+
+ \includelineno sed03.c
 
 Embedding In C++
 ----------------
@@ -42,5 +79,15 @@ Embedding In C++
 The QSE::Sed and QSE::StdSed classes are provided for C++. The sample here shows
 how to embed QSE::StdSed for stream editing.
 
- \includelineno sed02.cpp
+ \includelineno sed21.cpp
 
+
+
+
+\skipline ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+\skipline the sample files are listed here for example list generation purpose.
+\skipline ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+\example sed01.c
+\example sed02.c
+\example sed03.c
+\example sed21.cpp
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/awk/std.h b/qse/include/qse/awk/std.h
index 85643b86..c546f719 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/awk/std.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/awk/std.h
@@ -65,14 +65,20 @@ struct qse_awk_parsestd_t
 		} file;
 
 		/** 
+		 * input string or dynamically allocated output string
+		 *
 		 * For input, the ptr and the len field of str indicates the 
-		 * pointer and the length of a string to read.
+		 * pointer and the length of a string to read. You must set
+		 * these fields before calling qse_awk_parsestd().
 		 *
 		 * For output, the ptr and the len field of str indicates the
 		 * pointer and the length of a deparsed source string. The output
-		 * string is dynamically allocated. You must free this output 
-		 * pointer using #QSE_MMGR_FREE once you're done with it to avoid 
-		 * memory leaks. 
+		 * string is dynamically allocated. You don't need to set these
+		 * fields before calling qse_awk_parsestd() because they are set
+		 * by qse_awk_parsestd() and valid while the relevant awk object
+		 * is alive. You must free the memory chunk pointed to by the
+		 * ptr field with qse_awk_freemem() once you're done with it to 
+		 * avoid memory leaks. 
 		 */
 		qse_xstr_t str;
 	} u;
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/sed/Sed.hpp b/qse/include/qse/sed/Sed.hpp
index 7521e0a9..4888bb1f 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/sed/Sed.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/sed/Sed.hpp
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@
 QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 /////////////////////////////////
 
-/**
- * The Sed class implements a stream editor by wrapping around #qse_sed_t.
- */
+///
+/// The Sed class implements a stream editor by wrapping around #qse_sed_t.
+///
 class QSE_EXPORT Sed: public Mmged
 {
 public:
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ public:
 #endif
 
 	///
-	/// The Stream class is a base class for I/O operation during
+	/// The Stream class is a abstract class for I/O operation during
 	/// execution.
 	///
 	class QSE_EXPORT Stream: public Types
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/sed/StdSed.hpp b/qse/include/qse/sed/StdSed.hpp
index 2e6d0164..38e8a147 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/sed/StdSed.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/sed/StdSed.hpp
@@ -34,16 +34,19 @@
 QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 /////////////////////////////////
 
-/**
- * The StdSed class inherits the Sed class, implements a standard
- * I/O stream class, and sets the default memory manager.
- *
- */
+///
+/// The StdSed class inherits the Sed class, implements a standard
+/// I/O stream class, and sets the default memory manager.
+///
 class QSE_EXPORT StdSed: public Sed
 {
 public:
 	StdSed (Mmgr* mmgr = StdMmgr::getDFL()): Sed (mmgr) {}
 
+	///
+	/// The FileStream class implements a stream over input
+	/// and output files.
+	///
 	class QSE_EXPORT FileStream: public Stream
 	{
 	public:
@@ -65,6 +68,9 @@ public:
 		qse_cmgr_t*   cmgr;
 	};
 
+	///
+	/// The StringStream class implements a stream over a string
+	///
 	class QSE_EXPORT StringStream: public Stream
 	{
 	public:
@@ -96,19 +102,6 @@ public:
 	};
 };
 
-/** 
- * @example sed02.cpp 
- * The example shows how to use the QSE::StdSed class to write a simple stream
- * editor that reads from a standard input or a file and writes to a standard 
- * output or a file.
- */
-
-/**
- * @example sed03.cpp 
- * The example shows how to extend the QSE::StdSed class to read from and 
- * write to a string.
- */
-
 /////////////////////////////////
 QSE_END_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 /////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/sed/sed.h b/qse/include/qse/sed/sed.h
index 88ce7024..409531da 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/sed/sed.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/sed/sed.h
@@ -44,11 +44,6 @@
  *
  */
 
-/**
- * @example sed.c
- * This example shows how to write a basic stream editor.
- */
-
 /** @struct qse_sed_t
  * The qse_sed_t type defines a stream editor. The structural details are 
  * hidden as it is a relatively complex data type and fragile to external
@@ -388,6 +383,17 @@ typedef void (*qse_sed_exec_tracer_t) (
 );
 #endif
 
+/**
+ * The qse_sed_space_t type defines the types of
+ * sed bufferspaces. 
+ */
+enum qse_sed_space_t
+{
+	QSE_SED_SPACE_HOLD,   /**< hold space */
+	QSE_SED_SPACE_PATTERN /**< pattern space */
+};
+typedef enum qse_sed_space_t qse_sed_space_t;
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
@@ -653,6 +659,44 @@ QSE_EXPORT void qse_sed_setlinenum (
 	qse_size_t num    /**< a line number */
 );
 
+
+/**
+ * The qse_sed_allocmem() function allocates a chunk of memory using
+ * the memory manager of \a sed.
+ */
+QSE_EXPORT void* qse_sed_allocmem (
+	qse_sed_t* sed,
+	qse_size_t size
+);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_sed_allocmem() function allocates a chunk of memory using
+ * the memory manager of \a sed and clears it to zeros.
+ */
+QSE_EXPORT void* qse_sed_callocmem (
+	qse_sed_t* sed,
+	qse_size_t size
+);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_sed_allocmem() function reallocates a chunk of memory using
+ * the memory manager of \a sed.
+ */
+QSE_EXPORT void* qse_sed_reallocmem (
+	qse_sed_t* sed,
+	void*      ptr,
+	qse_size_t size
+);
+
+/**
+ * The qse_sed_allocmem() function frees a chunk of memory using
+ * the memory manager of \a sed.
+ */
+QSE_EXPORT void qse_sed_freemem (
+	qse_sed_t* sed,
+	void*      ptr
+);
+
 #ifdef QSE_ENABLE_SEDTRACER
 /**
  * The qse_sed_getexectracer() function returns the execution tracer 
@@ -663,7 +707,7 @@ QSE_EXPORT qse_sed_exec_tracer_t qse_sed_getexectracer (
 );
 
 /**
- * The qse_sed_getexectracer() function sets a hook function via which 
+ * The qse_sed_setexectracer() function sets a hook function via which 
  * you can trace commands being executed.
  */
 QSE_EXPORT void qse_sed_setexectracer (
@@ -672,6 +716,16 @@ QSE_EXPORT void qse_sed_setexectracer (
 );
 #endif
 
+/**
+ * The qse_sed_getspace() function gets the pointer and the length
+ * to a buffer space specfied by \a space.
+ */
+QSE_EXPORT void qse_sed_getspace (
+	qse_sed_t*      sed,
+	qse_sed_space_t space,
+	qse_cstr_t*     str
+);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/sed/std.h b/qse/include/qse/sed/std.h
index 4ef2b110..61874fd9 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/sed/std.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/sed/std.h
@@ -30,10 +30,6 @@
  * you can choose to use the helper functions provided here. It is  
  * a higher-level interface that is easier to use as it implements 
  * default handlers for I/O and memory management.
- *
- * @example sed01.c
- * This example shows how to write a simple stream editor using easy API 
- * functions.
  */
 
 /**
@@ -54,17 +50,43 @@ typedef enum qse_sed_iostd_type_t qse_sed_iostd_type_t;
  */
 struct qse_sed_iostd_t
 {
-	qse_sed_iostd_type_t type;  /**< resource type */
+	/** resource type */
+	qse_sed_iostd_type_t type;
+
+	/** union describing the resource of the specified type */
 	union
 	{
+		/** file path with character encoding */
 		struct
 		{
-			const qse_char_t* path; /**< file path */
-			qse_cmgr_t*       cmgr; /**< cmgr for the file */
+			/** file path to open. #QSE_NULL or '-' for stdin/stdout. */
+			const qse_char_t*  path;
+			/** a stream created with the file path is set with this
+			 * cmgr if it is not #QSE_NULL. */
+			qse_cmgr_t*  cmgr;
 		} file; 
+
+		/** 
+		 * input string or dynamically allocated output string
+		 *
+		 * For input, the ptr and the len field of str indicates the 
+		 * pointer and the length of a string to read. You must set
+		 * these two fields before calling qse_sed_execstd().
+		 *
+		 * For output, the ptr and the len field of str indicates the
+		 * pointer and the length of produced output. The output
+		 * string is dynamically allocated. You don't need to set these
+		 * fields before calling qse_sed_execstd() because they are
+		 * set by qse_sed_execstd() and valid while the relevant sed
+		 * object is alive. You must free the memory chunk pointed to by
+		 * the ptr field with qse_sed_freemem() once you're done with it
+	      * to avoid memory leaks. 
+           */
 		qse_xstr_t        str;
+
+		/** pre-opened sio stream */
 		qse_sio_t*        sio;
-	} u; /**< union containing data for each type */
+	} u;
 };
 
 typedef struct qse_sed_iostd_t qse_sed_iostd_t;
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp b/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp
index f95c4779..81387156 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp
@@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ int StdAwk::open_console_in (Console& io)
 		qse_char_t ibuf[128];
 		qse_size_t ibuflen;
 		qse_awk_val_t* v;
-		qse_awk_rtx_valtostr_out_t out;
+		qse_xstr_t as;
 
 	nextfile:
 		file = this->runarg.ptr[this->runarg_index].ptr;
@@ -928,29 +928,29 @@ int StdAwk::open_console_in (Console& io)
 		v = (qse_awk_val_t*)QSE_HTB_VPTR(pair);
 		QSE_ASSERT (v != QSE_NULL);
 
-		out.type = QSE_AWK_RTX_VALTOSTR_CPLDUP;
-		if (qse_awk_rtx_valtostr (rtx, v, &out) <= -1) return -1;
+		as.ptr = qse_awk_rtx_valtostrdup (rtx, v, &as.len);
+		if (as.ptr == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
-		if (out.u.cpldup.len == 0)
+		if (as.len == 0)
 		{
 			/* the name is empty */
-			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 			this->runarg_index++;
 			goto nextfile;
 		}
 
-		if (qse_strlen(out.u.cpldup.ptr) < out.u.cpldup.len)
+		if (qse_strlen(as.ptr) < as.len)
 		{
 			/* the name contains one or more '\0' */
 			cstr_t arg;
-			arg.ptr = out.u.cpldup.ptr;
-			arg.len = qse_strlen (arg.ptr);
+			arg.ptr = as.ptr;
+			arg.len = qse_strlen (as.ptr);
 			((Run*)io)->setError (QSE_AWK_EIONMNL, &arg);
-			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 			return -1;
 		}
 
-		file = out.u.cpldup.ptr;
+		file = as.ptr;
 
 		if (file[0] == QSE_T('-') && file[1] == QSE_T('\0'))
 			sio = open_sio_std (QSE_NULL, io, QSE_SIO_STDIN, QSE_SIO_READ | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR);
@@ -958,19 +958,18 @@ int StdAwk::open_console_in (Console& io)
 			sio = open_sio (QSE_NULL, io, file, QSE_SIO_READ | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR);
 		if (sio == QSE_NULL) 
 		{
-			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 			return -1;
 		}
 		
-		if (qse_awk_rtx_setfilename (
-			rtx, file, qse_strlen(file)) == -1)
+		if (qse_awk_rtx_setfilename (rtx, file, qse_strlen(file)) <= -1)
 		{
 			qse_sio_close (sio);
-			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 			return -1;
 		}
 
-		qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+		qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 
 		if (this->console_cmgr) 
 			qse_sio_setcmgr (sio, this->console_cmgr);
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/std.c b/qse/lib/awk/std.c
index 99fa61a7..c7b0b67e 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/std.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/std.c
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ static int open_parsestd (qse_awk_t* awk, xtn_t* xtn, qse_size_t index)
 			    (psin->u.file.path[0] == QSE_T('-') &&
 			     psin->u.file.path[1] == QSE_T('\0')))
 			{
-				/* special file name '-' */
+				/* no path name or - -> stdin */
 				qse_sio_t* tmp;
 
 				tmp = open_sio_std (awk, QSE_SIO_STDIN, QSE_SIO_READ | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR);
@@ -955,11 +955,12 @@ static qse_ssize_t sf_out (
 			switch (xtn->s.out.x->type)
 			{
 				case QSE_AWK_PARSESTD_FILE:
-					if (xtn->s.out.x->u.file.path == QSE_NULL || 
+					if (xtn->s.out.x->u.file.path == QSE_NULL ||
 					    (xtn->s.out.x->u.file.path[0] == QSE_T('-') &&
 					     xtn->s.out.x->u.file.path[1] == QSE_T('\0')))
+
 					{
-						/* special file name '-' */
+						/* no path name or - -> stdout */
 						xtn->s.out.u.file.sio = open_sio_std (
 							awk, QSE_SIO_STDOUT, 
 							QSE_SIO_WRITE | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR
@@ -1510,7 +1511,7 @@ static int open_rio_console (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, qse_awk_rio_arg_t* riod)
 			qse_char_t ibuf[128];
 			qse_size_t ibuflen;
 			qse_awk_val_t* v;
-			qse_awk_rtx_valtostr_out_t out;
+			qse_xstr_t as;
 
 		nextfile:
 			file = rxtn->c.in.files[rxtn->c.in.index];
@@ -1568,35 +1569,34 @@ static int open_rio_console (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, qse_awk_rio_arg_t* riod)
 			v = QSE_HTB_VPTR(pair);
 			QSE_ASSERT (v != QSE_NULL);
 
-			out.type = QSE_AWK_RTX_VALTOSTR_CPLDUP;
-			if (qse_awk_rtx_valtostr (rtx, v, &out) <= -1) return -1;
+			as.ptr = qse_awk_rtx_valtostrdup (rtx, v, &as.len);
+			if (as.ptr == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
-			if (out.u.cpldup.len == 0)
+			if (as.len == 0)
 			{
 				/* the name is empty */
-				qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+				qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 				rxtn->c.in.index++;
 				goto nextfile;
 			}
 
-			if (qse_strlen(out.u.cpldup.ptr) < out.u.cpldup.len)
+			if (qse_strlen(as.ptr) < as.len)
 			{
 				/* the name contains one or more '\0' */
 				qse_cstr_t errarg;
 
-				errarg.ptr = out.u.cpldup.ptr;
+				errarg.ptr = as.ptr;
 				/* use this length not to contains '\0'
 				 * in an error message */
-				errarg.len = qse_strlen(out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+				errarg.len = qse_strlen(as.ptr);
 
-				qse_awk_rtx_seterrnum (
-					rtx, QSE_AWK_EIONMNL, &errarg);
+				qse_awk_rtx_seterrnum (rtx, QSE_AWK_EIONMNL, &errarg);
 
-				qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+				qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 				return -1;
 			}
 
-			file = out.u.cpldup.ptr;
+			file = as.ptr;
 
 			sio = (file[0] == QSE_T('-') && file[1] == QSE_T('\0'))?
 				open_sio_std_rtx (rtx, QSE_SIO_STDIN, 
@@ -1605,7 +1605,7 @@ static int open_rio_console (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, qse_awk_rio_arg_t* riod)
 					QSE_SIO_READ | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR);
 			if (sio == QSE_NULL)
 			{
-				qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+				qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 				return -1;
 			}
 
@@ -1615,11 +1615,11 @@ static int open_rio_console (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, qse_awk_rio_arg_t* riod)
 				rtx, file, qse_strlen(file)) <= -1)
 			{
 				qse_sio_close (sio);
-				qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+				qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 				return -1;
 			}
 
-			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, as.ptr);
 			riod->handle = sio;
 
 			/* increment the counter of files successfully opened */
diff --git a/qse/lib/sed/StdSed.cpp b/qse/lib/sed/StdSed.cpp
index 109ee700..50fb820c 100644
--- a/qse/lib/sed/StdSed.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/sed/StdSed.cpp
@@ -78,17 +78,17 @@ int StdSed::FileStream::open (Data& io)
 	if (ioname == QSE_NULL)
 	{
 		//
-		// a normal console is indicated by a null name 
+		// a normal console is indicated by a null name or a dash
 		//
 		if (io.getMode() == READ)
 		{
-			sio = (infile == QSE_NULL)?
+			sio = (infile == QSE_NULL || (infile[0] == QSE_T('-') && infile[1] == QSE_T('\0')))?
 				open_sio_std (io, QSE_SIO_STDIN, oflags):
 				open_sio (io, infile, oflags);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			sio = (outfile == QSE_NULL)?
+			sio = (outfile == QSE_NULL || (outfile[0] == QSE_T('-') && outfile[1] == QSE_T('\0')))?
 				open_sio_std (io, QSE_SIO_STDOUT, oflags):
 				open_sio (io, outfile, oflags);
 		}
diff --git a/qse/lib/sed/sed.c b/qse/lib/sed/sed.c
index d91aa52e..0bc4a850 100644
--- a/qse/lib/sed/sed.c
+++ b/qse/lib/sed/sed.c
@@ -504,14 +504,9 @@ static int add_command_block (qse_sed_t* sed)
 {
 	qse_sed_cmd_blk_t* b;
 
-	b = (qse_sed_cmd_blk_t*) QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (sed->mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(*b));
-	if (b == QSE_NULL)
-	{
-		SETERR0 (sed, QSE_SED_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
-		return -1;
-	}
+	b = (qse_sed_cmd_blk_t*) qse_sed_callocmem (sed, QSE_SIZEOF(*b));
+	if (b == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
-	QSE_MEMSET (b, 0, QSE_SIZEOF(*b));
 	b->next = QSE_NULL;
 	b->len = 0;
 
@@ -1513,14 +1508,9 @@ static int add_cut_selector_block (qse_sed_t* sed, qse_sed_cmd_t* cmd)
 {
 	qse_sed_cut_sel_t* b;
 
-	b = (qse_sed_cut_sel_t*) QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (sed->mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(*b));
-	if (b == QSE_NULL)
-	{
-		SETERR0 (sed, QSE_SED_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
-		return -1;
-	}
+	b = (qse_sed_cut_sel_t*) qse_sed_callocmem (sed, QSE_SIZEOF(*b));
+	if (b == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
-	QSE_MEMSET (b, 0, QSE_SIZEOF(*b));
 	b->next = QSE_NULL;
 	b->len = 0;
 
@@ -3021,22 +3011,14 @@ static int split_into_fields_for_cut (
 				
 				if (sed->e.cutf.flds == sed->e.cutf.sflds)
 				{
-					tmp = QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (sed->mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(*tmp) * nsz);
-					if (tmp == QSE_NULL) 
-					{
-						SETERR0 (sed, QSE_SED_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
-						return -1;
-					}
+					tmp = qse_sed_allocmem (sed, QSE_SIZEOF(*tmp) * nsz);
+					if (tmp == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 					QSE_MEMCPY (tmp, sed->e.cutf.flds, QSE_SIZEOF(*tmp) * sed->e.cutf.cflds);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					tmp = QSE_MMGR_REALLOC (sed->mmgr, sed->e.cutf.flds, QSE_SIZEOF(*tmp) * nsz);
-					if (tmp == QSE_NULL) 
-					{
-						SETERR0 (sed, QSE_SED_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
-						return -1;
-					}
+					tmp = qse_sed_reallocmem (sed, sed->e.cutf.flds, QSE_SIZEOF(*tmp) * nsz);
+					if (tmp == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 				}
 
 				sed->e.cutf.flds = tmp;
@@ -4131,6 +4113,35 @@ void qse_sed_pushecb (qse_sed_t* sed, qse_sed_ecb_t* ecb)
 	sed->ecb = ecb;
 }
 
+void* qse_sed_allocmem (qse_sed_t* sed, qse_size_t size)
+{
+	void* ptr = QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (sed->mmgr, size);
+	if (ptr == QSE_NULL) 
+		qse_sed_seterrnum (sed, QSE_SED_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
+	return ptr;
+}
+
+void* qse_sed_callocmem (qse_sed_t* sed, qse_size_t size)
+{
+	void* ptr = QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (sed->mmgr, size);
+	if (ptr) QSE_MEMSET (ptr, 0, size);
+	else qse_sed_seterrnum (sed, QSE_SED_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
+	return ptr;
+}
+
+void* qse_sed_reallocmem (qse_sed_t* sed, void* ptr, qse_size_t size)
+{
+	void* nptr = QSE_MMGR_REALLOC (sed->mmgr, ptr, size);
+	if (nptr == QSE_NULL) qse_sed_seterrnum (sed, QSE_SED_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
+	return nptr;
+}
+
+void qse_sed_freemem (qse_sed_t* sed, void* ptr)
+{
+	QSE_MMGR_FREE (sed->mmgr, ptr);
+}
+
+
 #ifdef QSE_ENABLE_SEDTRACER
 qse_sed_exec_tracer_t qse_sed_getexectracer (qse_sed_t* sed)
 {
@@ -4143,3 +4154,17 @@ void qse_sed_setexectracer (qse_sed_t* sed, qse_sed_exec_tracer_t tracer)
 }
 #endif
 
+void qse_sed_getspace (qse_sed_t* sed, qse_sed_space_t space, qse_cstr_t* str)
+{
+	switch (space)
+	{
+		case QSE_SED_SPACE_HOLD:
+			str->ptr = QSE_STR_PTR(&sed->e.txt.hold);
+			str->len = QSE_STR_LEN(&sed->e.txt.hold);
+			break;
+		case QSE_SED_SPACE_PATTERN:
+			str->ptr = QSE_STR_PTR(&sed->e.in.line);
+			str->len = QSE_STR_LEN(&sed->e.in.line);
+			break;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/qse/lib/sed/sed.h b/qse/lib/sed/sed.h
index aaa9ba87..1f0da8db 100644
--- a/qse/lib/sed/sed.h
+++ b/qse/lib/sed/sed.h
@@ -174,10 +174,10 @@ struct qse_sed_t
 		/** data needed for input streams */
 		struct
 		{
-			qse_sed_io_impl_t fun; /**< an input handler */
+			qse_sed_io_impl_t fun; /**< input handler */
 			qse_sed_io_arg_t arg; /**< input handling data */
 
-			qse_char_t xbuf[1]; /**< a read-ahead buffer */
+			qse_char_t xbuf[1]; /**< read-ahead buffer */
 			int xbuf_len; /**< data length in the buffer */
 
 			qse_char_t buf[2048]; /**< input buffer */
@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ struct qse_sed_t
 				qse_sed_app_t* tail;
 			} d;
 		} append;
+
 		/** text buffers */
 		struct
 		{
diff --git a/qse/lib/sed/std.c b/qse/lib/sed/std.c
index 0d8eae5e..20d478c4 100644
--- a/qse/lib/sed/std.c
+++ b/qse/lib/sed/std.c
@@ -216,9 +216,22 @@ static int open_input_stream (
 		case QSE_SED_IOSTD_FILE:
 		{
 			qse_sio_t* sio;
-			sio = (io->u.file.path == QSE_NULL)?
-				open_sio_std (sed, QSE_SIO_STDIN, QSE_SIO_READ | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR):
-				open_sio_file (sed, io->u.file.path, QSE_SIO_READ | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR);
+			
+			if (io->u.file.path == QSE_NULL || 
+			    (io->u.file.path[0] == QSE_T('-') && 
+			     io->u.file.path[1] == QSE_T('\0')))
+			{
+				sio = open_sio_std (
+					sed, QSE_SIO_STDIN, 
+					QSE_SIO_READ | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR
+				);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				sio = open_sio_file (
+					sed, io->u.file.path,
+					QSE_SIO_READ | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR);
+			}
 			if (sio == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 			if (io->u.file.cmgr) qse_sio_setcmgr (sio, io->u.file.cmgr);
 			arg->handle = sio;
@@ -284,7 +297,9 @@ static int open_output_stream (qse_sed_t* sed, qse_sed_io_arg_t* arg, qse_sed_io
 		case QSE_SED_IOSTD_FILE:
 		{
 			qse_sio_t* sio;
-			if (io->u.file.path == QSE_NULL)
+			if (io->u.file.path == QSE_NULL ||
+			    (io->u.file.path[0] == QSE_T('-') && 
+			     io->u.file.path[1] == QSE_T('\0')))
 			{
 				sio = open_sio_std (
 					sed, QSE_SIO_STDOUT,
@@ -512,6 +527,7 @@ static qse_ssize_t x_in (
 				/* no file specified. console stream */
 				if (xtn->e.in.ptr == QSE_NULL) 
 				{
+					/* QSE_NULL passed into qse_sed_exec() for input */
 					sio = open_sio_std (
 						sed, QSE_SIO_STDIN, QSE_SIO_READ | QSE_SIO_IGNOREMBWCERR);
 					if (sio == QSE_NULL) return -1;
@@ -609,8 +625,11 @@ static qse_ssize_t x_out (
 		{
 			if (arg->path == QSE_NULL)
 			{
+				/* main data stream */
+
 				if (xtn->e.out.ptr == QSE_NULL) 
 				{
+					/* QSE_NULL passed into qse_sed_execstd() for output */
 					sio = open_sio_std (
 						sed, QSE_SIO_STDOUT,
 						QSE_SIO_WRITE |
@@ -628,6 +647,7 @@ static qse_ssize_t x_out (
 			}
 			else
 			{
+
 				sio = open_sio_file (
 					sed, arg->path,
 					QSE_SIO_WRITE |
@@ -785,7 +805,7 @@ int qse_sed_execstd (
 	QSE_MEMSET (&xtn->e, 0, QSE_SIZEOF(xtn->e));
 	xtn->e.in.ptr = in;
 	xtn->e.in.cur = in;
-	xtn->e.out.ptr= out;
+	xtn->e.out.ptr = out;
 
 	n = qse_sed_exec (sed, x_in, x_out);
 
diff --git a/qse/samples/sed/Makefile.am b/qse/samples/sed/Makefile.am
index ede8e625..6a534e89 100644
--- a/qse/samples/sed/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/samples/sed/Makefile.am
@@ -15,20 +15,27 @@ LDADD += $(UNICOWS_LIBS)
 endif
 endif
 
-bin_PROGRAMS = sed01 
+CMNFILES = sed00.c sed00.h
+bin_PROGRAMS = sed01 sed02 sed03
 
-sed01_SOURCES = sed01.c 
+sed01_SOURCES = sed01.c $(CMNFILES)
 sed01_LDADD = $(LDADD)
 
+sed02_SOURCES = sed02.c $(CMNFILES)
+sed02_LDADD = $(LDADD)
+
+sed03_SOURCES = sed03.c $(CMNFILES)
+sed03_LDADD = $(LDADD)
+
 if ENABLE_CXX
 
 CXXLIB = -lqsesedxx -lqsecmnxx
 bin_PROGRAMS += sed21 sed22
 
-sed21_SOURCES = sed21.cpp
+sed21_SOURCES = sed21.cpp $(CMNFILES)
 sed21_LDADD = $(CXXLIB) $(LDADD)
 
-sed22_SOURCES = sed22.cpp
+sed22_SOURCES = sed22.cpp $(CMNFILES)
 sed22_LDADD = $(CXXLIB) $(LDADD)
 
 endif
diff --git a/qse/samples/sed/Makefile.in b/qse/samples/sed/Makefile.in
index 7e99d86e..b26f555b 100644
--- a/qse/samples/sed/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/samples/sed/Makefile.in
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ POST_UNINSTALL = :
 build_triplet = @build@
 host_triplet = @host@
 @WCHAR_TRUE@@WIN32_TRUE@am__append_1 = $(UNICOWS_LIBS)
-bin_PROGRAMS = sed01$(EXEEXT) $(am__EXEEXT_1)
+bin_PROGRAMS = sed01$(EXEEXT) sed02$(EXEEXT) sed03$(EXEEXT) \
+	$(am__EXEEXT_1)
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am__append_2 = sed21 sed22
 subdir = samples/sed
 DIST_COMMON = $(srcdir)/Makefile.am $(srcdir)/Makefile.in
@@ -55,19 +56,26 @@ CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES =
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am__EXEEXT_1 = sed21$(EXEEXT) sed22$(EXEEXT)
 am__installdirs = "$(DESTDIR)$(bindir)"
 PROGRAMS = $(bin_PROGRAMS)
-am_sed01_OBJECTS = sed01.$(OBJEXT)
+am__objects_1 = sed00.$(OBJEXT)
+am_sed01_OBJECTS = sed01.$(OBJEXT) $(am__objects_1)
 sed01_OBJECTS = $(am_sed01_OBJECTS)
 am__DEPENDENCIES_1 =
 @WCHAR_TRUE@@WIN32_TRUE@am__DEPENDENCIES_2 = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_1)
 am__DEPENDENCIES_3 = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_2)
 sed01_DEPENDENCIES = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_3)
-am__sed21_SOURCES_DIST = sed21.cpp
-@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am_sed21_OBJECTS = sed21.$(OBJEXT)
+am_sed02_OBJECTS = sed02.$(OBJEXT) $(am__objects_1)
+sed02_OBJECTS = $(am_sed02_OBJECTS)
+sed02_DEPENDENCIES = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_3)
+am_sed03_OBJECTS = sed03.$(OBJEXT) $(am__objects_1)
+sed03_OBJECTS = $(am_sed03_OBJECTS)
+sed03_DEPENDENCIES = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_3)
+am__sed21_SOURCES_DIST = sed21.cpp sed00.c sed00.h
+@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am_sed21_OBJECTS = sed21.$(OBJEXT) $(am__objects_1)
 sed21_OBJECTS = $(am_sed21_OBJECTS)
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@sed21_DEPENDENCIES = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_1) \
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	$(am__DEPENDENCIES_3)
-am__sed22_SOURCES_DIST = sed22.cpp
-@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am_sed22_OBJECTS = sed22.$(OBJEXT)
+am__sed22_SOURCES_DIST = sed22.cpp sed00.c sed00.h
+@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am_sed22_OBJECTS = sed22.$(OBJEXT) $(am__objects_1)
 sed22_OBJECTS = $(am_sed22_OBJECTS)
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@sed22_DEPENDENCIES = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_1) \
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	$(am__DEPENDENCIES_3)
@@ -93,9 +101,10 @@ CXXLD = $(CXX)
 CXXLINK = $(LIBTOOL) --tag=CXX $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) \
 	--mode=link $(CXXLD) $(AM_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $(AM_LDFLAGS) \
 	$(LDFLAGS) -o $@
-SOURCES = $(sed01_SOURCES) $(sed21_SOURCES) $(sed22_SOURCES)
-DIST_SOURCES = $(sed01_SOURCES) $(am__sed21_SOURCES_DIST) \
-	$(am__sed22_SOURCES_DIST)
+SOURCES = $(sed01_SOURCES) $(sed02_SOURCES) $(sed03_SOURCES) \
+	$(sed21_SOURCES) $(sed22_SOURCES)
+DIST_SOURCES = $(sed01_SOURCES) $(sed02_SOURCES) $(sed03_SOURCES) \
+	$(am__sed21_SOURCES_DIST) $(am__sed22_SOURCES_DIST)
 ETAGS = etags
 CTAGS = ctags
 DISTFILES = $(DIST_COMMON) $(DIST_SOURCES) $(TEXINFOS) $(EXTRA_DIST)
@@ -279,12 +288,17 @@ AM_CPPFLAGS = \
 	-I$(includedir)
 
 LDADD = -lqsesed -lqsecmn $(am__append_1)
-sed01_SOURCES = sed01.c 
+CMNFILES = sed00.c sed00.h
+sed01_SOURCES = sed01.c $(CMNFILES)
 sed01_LDADD = $(LDADD)
+sed02_SOURCES = sed02.c $(CMNFILES)
+sed02_LDADD = $(LDADD)
+sed03_SOURCES = sed03.c $(CMNFILES)
+sed03_LDADD = $(LDADD)
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@CXXLIB = -lqsesedxx -lqsecmnxx
-@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@sed21_SOURCES = sed21.cpp
+@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@sed21_SOURCES = sed21.cpp $(CMNFILES)
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@sed21_LDADD = $(CXXLIB) $(LDADD)
-@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@sed22_SOURCES = sed22.cpp
+@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@sed22_SOURCES = sed22.cpp $(CMNFILES)
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@sed22_LDADD = $(CXXLIB) $(LDADD)
 all: all-am
 
@@ -366,6 +380,12 @@ clean-binPROGRAMS:
 sed01$(EXEEXT): $(sed01_OBJECTS) $(sed01_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_sed01_DEPENDENCIES) 
 	@rm -f sed01$(EXEEXT)
 	$(LINK) $(sed01_OBJECTS) $(sed01_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+sed02$(EXEEXT): $(sed02_OBJECTS) $(sed02_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_sed02_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f sed02$(EXEEXT)
+	$(LINK) $(sed02_OBJECTS) $(sed02_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+sed03$(EXEEXT): $(sed03_OBJECTS) $(sed03_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_sed03_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f sed03$(EXEEXT)
+	$(LINK) $(sed03_OBJECTS) $(sed03_LDADD) $(LIBS)
 sed21$(EXEEXT): $(sed21_OBJECTS) $(sed21_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_sed21_DEPENDENCIES) 
 	@rm -f sed21$(EXEEXT)
 	$(CXXLINK) $(sed21_OBJECTS) $(sed21_LDADD) $(LIBS)
@@ -379,7 +399,10 @@ mostlyclean-compile:
 distclean-compile:
 	-rm -f *.tab.c
 
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/sed00.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/sed01.Po@am__quote@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/sed02.Po@am__quote@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/sed03.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/sed21.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/sed22.Po@am__quote@
 
diff --git a/qse/samples/sed/sed00.c b/qse/samples/sed/sed00.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f62c3d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/samples/sed/sed00.c
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/* sed00.c */
+
+#include "sed00.h"
+#include <qse/cmn/mbwc.h>
+
+#include <locale.h>
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#    include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+void init_sed_sample_locale (void)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+	char locale[100];
+	UINT codepage = GetConsoleOutputCP();	
+	if (codepage == CP_UTF8)
+	{
+		/*SetConsoleOutputCP (CP_UTF8);*/
+		qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_UTF8);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		sprintf (locale, ".%u", (unsigned int)codepage);
+		setlocale (LC_ALL, locale);
+		qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_SLMB);
+	}
+#else
+	setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
+	qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_SLMB);
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/qse/samples/sed/sed00.h b/qse/samples/sed/sed00.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13de9376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/samples/sed/sed00.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/* sed00.h */
+
+#ifndef _SED00_H_
+#define _SED00_H_
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+void init_sed_sample_locale (void);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/qse/samples/sed/sed01.c b/qse/samples/sed/sed01.c
index 8069acd9..67044403 100644
--- a/qse/samples/sed/sed01.c
+++ b/qse/samples/sed/sed01.c
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 #include <qse/sed/std.h>
 #include <qse/cmn/main.h>
-#include <qse/cmn/mbwc.h>
 #include <qse/cmn/stdio.h>
+#include "sed00.h"
 
-#include <locale.h>
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#	include <windows.h>
-#endif
-
-int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
+static int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 {
 	qse_sed_t* sed = QSE_NULL;
 	qse_char_t* infile;
@@ -21,6 +16,7 @@ int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 		return -1;
 	}
 
+	/* create a sed object */
 	sed = qse_sed_openstd (0);
 	if (sed == QSE_NULL)  
 	{
@@ -28,6 +24,7 @@ int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 		goto oops;
 	}
 
+	/* compile commands */
 	if (qse_sed_compstdstr (sed, argv[1]) <= -1)
 	{
 		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, QSE_T("ERROR: %s\n"), qse_sed_geterrmsg(sed));
@@ -37,6 +34,7 @@ int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 	infile = (argc >= 3)? argv[2]: QSE_NULL;
 	outfile = (argc >= 4)? argv[3]: QSE_NULL;
 
+	/* executes the compiled commands over the intput and output files specified */
 	if (qse_sed_execstdfile (sed, infile, outfile, QSE_NULL) <= -1)
 	{
 		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, QSE_T("ERROR: %s\n"), qse_sed_geterrmsg(sed));
@@ -44,30 +42,14 @@ int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 	}
 
 oops:
-	if (sed != QSE_NULL) qse_sed_close (sed);
+	/* destroy the sed object */
+	if (sed) qse_sed_close (sed);
 	return ret;
 }
 
 int qse_main (int argc, qse_achar_t* argv[])
 {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-	char locale[100];
-	UINT codepage = GetConsoleOutputCP();	
-	if (codepage == CP_UTF8)
-	{
-		/*SetConsoleOutputCP (CP_UTF8);*/
-		qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_UTF8);
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		sprintf (locale, ".%u", (unsigned int)codepage);
-		setlocale (LC_ALL, locale);
-		qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_SLMB);
-	}
-#else
-	setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
-	qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_SLMB);
-#endif
+	init_sed_sample_locale ();
 	return qse_runmain (argc, argv, sed_main);
 }
 
diff --git a/qse/samples/sed/sed02.c b/qse/samples/sed/sed02.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..230f88c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/samples/sed/sed02.c
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#include <qse/sed/std.h>
+#include <qse/cmn/main.h>
+#include <qse/cmn/stdio.h>
+#include "sed00.h"
+
+static int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
+{
+	qse_sed_t* sed = QSE_NULL;
+	qse_sed_iostd_t in[2];
+	qse_sed_iostd_t out;
+	int ret = -1;
+
+	if (argc != 3)
+	{
+		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, QSE_T("USAGE: %s command-string input-string\n"), argv[0]);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/* create the sed object */
+	sed = qse_sed_openstd (0);
+	if (sed == QSE_NULL)  
+	{
+		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, QSE_T("ERROR: cannot open sed\n"));
+		goto oops;
+	}
+
+	/* compile the command string */
+	if (qse_sed_compstdstr (sed, argv[1]) <= -1)
+	{
+		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, QSE_T("ERROR: %s\n"), qse_sed_geterrmsg(sed));
+		goto oops;
+	}
+
+	/* arrange to use the second argument as input data */
+	in[0].type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_STR;
+	in[0].u.str.ptr = argv[2];
+	in[0].u.str.len = qse_strlen (argv[2]);
+	in[1].type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_NULL;
+
+	/* indicate that the output should be placed in a 
+	 * dynamically allocated memory chunk */
+	out.type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_STR;
+
+	/* execute the compiled command */
+	if (qse_sed_execstd (sed, in, &out) <= -1)
+	{
+		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, QSE_T("ERROR: %s\n"), qse_sed_geterrmsg(sed));
+		goto oops;
+	}
+
+	/* access the output data produced */
+	qse_printf (QSE_T("%.*s\n"), (int)out.u.str.len, out.u.str.ptr);
+
+	/* free the output data */
+	qse_sed_freemem (sed, out.u.str.ptr);	
+
+oops:
+	/* destroy the sed object */
+	if (sed) qse_sed_close (sed);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int qse_main (int argc, qse_achar_t* argv[])
+{
+	init_sed_sample_locale ();
+	return qse_runmain (argc, argv, sed_main);
+}
+
diff --git a/qse/samples/sed/sed03.c b/qse/samples/sed/sed03.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5daa0a8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qse/samples/sed/sed03.c
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#include <qse/sed/std.h>
+#include <qse/cmn/main.h>
+#include <qse/cmn/stdio.h>
+#include "sed00.h"
+
+static void trace_exec (qse_sed_t* sed, qse_sed_exec_op_t op, qse_sed_cmd_t* cmd)
+{
+	qse_cstr_t h, p;
+
+	qse_sed_getspace (sed, QSE_SED_SPACE_HOLD, &h);
+	qse_sed_getspace (sed, QSE_SED_SPACE_PATTERN, &p);
+
+	/* print the contents of the hold space and the pattern space
+	 * at each phase of execution */
+	qse_printf (QSE_T("HOLD: [%.*s] PATTERN: [%.*s]\n"), (int)h.len, h.ptr, (int)p.len, p.ptr);
+}
+
+static int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
+{
+	qse_sed_t* sed = QSE_NULL;
+	qse_sed_iostd_t in[2];
+	qse_sed_iostd_t out;
+	int ret = -1;
+
+	/* create the sed object */
+	sed = qse_sed_openstd (0);
+	if (sed == QSE_NULL)  
+	{
+		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, QSE_T("ERROR: cannot open sed\n"));
+		goto oops;
+	}
+
+	/* compile the command string */
+	if (qse_sed_compstdstr (sed, QSE_T("s/abc/def/g; s/def/kkk/g")) <= -1)
+	{
+		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, QSE_T("ERROR: %s\n"), qse_sed_geterrmsg(sed));
+		goto oops;
+	}
+
+	/* arrange to use the second argument as input data */
+	in[0].type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_STR;
+	in[0].u.str.ptr = QSE_T("ABCDEFGHI abcdefghi abcdefghi\nhigh abc dom\n");
+	in[0].u.str.len = qse_strlen (in[0].u.str.ptr);
+	in[1].type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_NULL;
+
+	/* indicate that the output should be placed in a 
+	 * dynamically allocated memory chunk */
+	out.type = QSE_SED_IOSTD_STR;
+
+	/* squeeze in a tracing hook */
+	qse_sed_setexectracer (sed, trace_exec);
+
+	/* execute the compiled command */
+	if (qse_sed_execstd (sed, in, &out) <= -1)
+	{
+		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, QSE_T("ERROR: %s\n"), qse_sed_geterrmsg(sed));
+		goto oops;
+	}
+
+	/* access the output data produced */
+	qse_printf (QSE_T("%.*s\n"), (int)out.u.str.len, out.u.str.ptr);
+
+	/* free the output data */
+	qse_sed_freemem (sed, out.u.str.ptr);	
+
+oops:
+	/* destroy the sed object */
+	if (sed) qse_sed_close (sed);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int qse_main (int argc, qse_achar_t* argv[])
+{
+	init_sed_sample_locale ();
+	return qse_runmain (argc, argv, sed_main);
+}
+
diff --git a/qse/samples/sed/sed21.cpp b/qse/samples/sed/sed21.cpp
index 995b0527..e28bb739 100644
--- a/qse/samples/sed/sed21.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/sed/sed21.cpp
@@ -1,16 +1,9 @@
 #include <qse/sed/StdSed.hpp>
 #include <qse/cmn/main.h>
-#include <qse/cmn/mbwc.h>
 #include <iostream>
+#include "sed00.h"
 
-#include <locale.h>
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#	include <stdio.h>
-#    include <windows.h>
-#endif
-
-
-#ifdef QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
+#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
 #	define xcout std::cout
 #else
 #	define xcout std::wcout
@@ -27,7 +20,7 @@ int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 
 	QSE::StdSed sed;
 
-	if (sed.open () == -1)
+	if (sed.open () <= -1)
 	{
 		xcout << QSE_T("ERR: cannot open") << std::endl;
 		return -1;
@@ -35,7 +28,7 @@ int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 
 
 	QSE::StdSed::StringStream sstream (argv[1]);
-	if (sed.compile (sstream) == -1)
+	if (sed.compile (sstream) <= -1)
 	{
 		xcout << QSE_T("ERR: cannot compile - ") << sed.getErrorMessage() << std::endl;
 		sed.close ();
@@ -46,7 +39,7 @@ int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 	qse_char_t* outfile = (argc >= 4)? argv[3]: QSE_NULL;
 	QSE::StdSed::FileStream fstream (infile, outfile);
 
-	if (sed.execute (fstream) == -1)
+	if (sed.execute (fstream) <= -1)
 	{
 		xcout << QSE_T("ERR: cannot execute - ") << sed.getErrorMessage() << std::endl;
 		sed.close ();
@@ -59,23 +52,6 @@ int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 
 int qse_main (int argc, qse_achar_t* argv[])
 {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-	char locale[100];
-	UINT codepage = GetConsoleOutputCP();	
-	if (codepage == CP_UTF8)
-	{
-		/*SetConsoleOUtputCP (CP_UTF8);*/
-		qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_UTF8);
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		sprintf (locale, ".%u", (unsigned int)codepage);
-		setlocale (LC_ALL, locale);
-		qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_SLMB);
-	}
-#else
-	setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
-	qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_SLMB);
-#endif
+	init_sed_sample_locale ();
 	return qse_runmain (argc, argv, sed_main);
 }
diff --git a/qse/samples/sed/sed22.cpp b/qse/samples/sed/sed22.cpp
index 60d645a4..d831b4b0 100644
--- a/qse/samples/sed/sed22.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/sed/sed22.cpp
@@ -1,37 +1,10 @@
-/**
- * $Id$
- *
-    Copyright 2006-2012 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
-    This file is part of QSE.
-
-    QSE is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as 
-    published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of 
-    the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-
-    QSE is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public 
-    License along with QSE. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
-
 #include <qse/sed/StdSed.hpp>
 #include <qse/cmn/main.h>
-#include <qse/cmn/mbwc.h>
 #include <qse/cmn/sio.h>
 #include <iostream>
+#include "sed00.h"
 
-#include <locale.h>
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#	include <stdio.h>
-#	include <windows.h>
-#endif
-
-
-#ifdef QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
+#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
 #	define xcout std::cout
 #else
 #	define xcout std::wcout
@@ -94,23 +67,6 @@ int sed_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 
 int qse_main (int argc, qse_achar_t* argv[])
 {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-	char locale[100];
-	UINT codepage = GetConsoleOutputCP();	
-	if (codepage == CP_UTF8)
-	{
-		/*SetConsoleOUtputCP (CP_UTF8);*/
-		qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_UTF8);
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		sprintf (locale, ".%u", (unsigned int)codepage);
-		setlocale (LC_ALL, locale);
-		qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_SLMB);
-	}
-#else
-	setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
-	qse_setdflcmgrbyid (QSE_CMGR_SLMB);
-#endif
+	init_sed_sample_locale ();
 	return qse_runmain (argc, argv, sed_main);
 }