diff --git a/qse/cmd/utl/tgp.c b/qse/cmd/utl/tgp.c
index fa519107..955275da 100644
--- a/qse/cmd/utl/tgp.c
+++ b/qse/cmd/utl/tgp.c
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ int tgp_main (int argc, qse_char_t* argv[])
 
 	if (handle_args (argc, argv) == -1) return -1;
 	
-	tgp = qse_tgp_open (QSE_MMGR_GETDFL());
+	tgp = qse_tgp_open (QSE_NULL, 0);
 	if (tgp == QSE_NULL) 
 	{
 		qse_fprintf (QSE_STDERR, 
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/utl/sed.h b/qse/include/qse/utl/sed.h
index ec47cb86..b46324ff 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/utl/sed.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/utl/sed.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <qse/types.h>
 #include <qse/macros.h>
 #include <qse/cmn/str.h>
+#include <qse/cmn/lda.h>
 
 enum qse_sed_errnum_t
 {
@@ -45,6 +46,9 @@ struct qse_sed_t
 
 	void* lastrex;
 	qse_str_t rexbuf; /* temporary regular expression buffer */
+
+	/* command array */
+	qse_lda_t cmds;
 };
 
 
diff --git a/qse/lib/utl/sed.c b/qse/lib/utl/sed.c
index 465ad7b2..30ab6b64 100644
--- a/qse/lib/utl/sed.c
+++ b/qse/lib/utl/sed.c
@@ -198,7 +198,12 @@ static const qse_char_t* command (
 
 #if 0
 		case QSE_T('{'):
-			cmd = QSE_SED_C_B;
+			/* insert a negaited branch command at the beginning 
+			 * of a group. this way, all the commands in a group
+			 * can be skipped. the branch target is set once a
+			 * corresponding } is met. */
+			cmd.type = QSE_SED_C_BRANCH;
+			cmd.negfl = !cmd.negfl;
 			break;
 
 		case QSE_T('}'):
diff --git a/qse/lib/utl/sed.h b/qse/lib/utl/sed.h
index e0dd310a..f0936989 100644
--- a/qse/lib/utl/sed.h
+++ b/qse/lib/utl/sed.h
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ struct qse_sed_c_t
 
 	union
 	{
-		void* rex;          /* regular expression */
-		qse_char_t* text;   /* added text or file name */
+		void* rex;        /* regular expression */
+		qse_char_t* text; /* added text or file name */
 		qse_sed_c_t* lbl; /* destination command of branch */
 
 	} u;	
@@ -88,7 +88,10 @@ struct qse_sed_c_t
 		QSE_SED_C_CW,
 		QSE_SED_C_Y,
 		QSE_SED_C_X
-	} cmd;
+	} type;
+
+	/* TODO: change the data type to a shorter one to save space */
+	int negfl;
 };
 
 struct qse_sed_l_t