diff --git a/qse/include/qse/awk/Awk.hpp b/qse/include/qse/awk/Awk.hpp
index 8bcb5639..468ce4a5 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/awk/Awk.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/awk/Awk.hpp
@@ -959,6 +959,8 @@ public:
 	/// called close() for finalization before the destructor is executed.
 	virtual ~Awk () {}
 
+	qse_cmgr_t* getCmgr () const;
+
 	///
 	/// The open() function initializes an interpreter. 
 	/// You must call this function before doing anything meaningful.
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/awk/awk.h b/qse/include/qse/awk/awk.h
index 982e52d6..000357cf 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/awk/awk.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/awk/awk.h
@@ -2231,6 +2231,11 @@ QSE_EXPORT qse_mmgr_t* qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr (
 	qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx /**< runtime context */
 );
 
+QSE_EXPORT qse_cmgr_t* qse_awk_rtx_getcmgr (
+	qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx /**< runtime context */
+);
+
+
 /**
  * The qse_awk_rtx_getxtn() function gets the pointer to the extension area
  * created with qse_awk_rtx_open().
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/Awk.cpp b/qse/lib/awk/Awk.cpp
index 3931c144..ea4cd2c0 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/Awk.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/Awk.cpp
@@ -1228,6 +1228,12 @@ void Awk::close ()
 	this->clearError ();
 }
 
+qse_cmgr_t* Awk::getCmgr () const
+{
+	if (!this->awk) return QSE_NULL;
+	return this->awk->cmgr;
+}
+
 void Awk::uponClosing ()
 {
 	// nothing to do
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp b/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp
index af230479..74046745 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/StdAwk.cpp
@@ -45,6 +45,17 @@
 #	endif
 #endif
 
+
+// TODO: remove the following definitions and find a way to share the similar definitions in std.c 
+#if defined(QSE_ENABLE_LIBLTDL)
+#	define USE_LTDL
+#elif defined(HAVE_DLFCN_H)
+#	define USE_DLFCN
+#else
+#	error UNSUPPORTED DYNAMIC LINKER
+#endif
+
+
 /////////////////////////////////
 QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 /////////////////////////////////
@@ -117,6 +128,10 @@ int StdAwk::open ()
 
 	if (!this->stdmod_up)
 	{
+	#if defined(USE_DLFCN)
+		if (qse_awk_setopt(awk, QSE_AWK_MODPOSTFIX, QSE_T(".so")) <= -1) goto oops;
+	#endif
+
 		if (qse_awk_stdmodstartup (this->awk) <= -1) goto oops;
 		this->stdmod_up = true;
 	}
@@ -233,6 +248,7 @@ int StdAwk::__build_environ (Run* run, void* envptr)
 		qse_char_t* kptr, * vptr;
 		qse_size_t klen, count;
 		qse_mmgr_t* mmgr = ((Awk*)*run)->getMmgr();
+		qse_cmgr_t* cmgr = ((Awk*)*run)->getCmgr();
 
 		for (count = 0; envarr[count]; count++)
 		{
@@ -250,8 +266,8 @@ int StdAwk::__build_environ (Run* run, void* envptr)
 
 			*eq = QSE_MT('\0');
 
-			kptr = qse_mbstowcsdup (envarr[count], &klen, mmgr);
-			vptr = qse_mbstowcsdup (eq + 1, QSE_NULL, mmgr);
+			kptr = qse_mbstowcsalldupwithcmgr(envarr[count], &klen, mmgr, cmgr);
+			vptr = qse_mbstowcsalldupwithcmgr(eq + 1, QSE_NULL, mmgr, cmgr);
 			if (kptr == QSE_NULL || vptr == QSE_NULL)
 			{
 				if (kptr) QSE_MMGR_FREE (mmgr, kptr);
@@ -271,8 +287,8 @@ int StdAwk::__build_environ (Run* run, void* envptr)
 
 			*eq = QSE_WT('\0');
 
-			kptr = qse_wcstombsdup (envarr[count], &klen, mmgr); 
-			vptr = qse_wcstombsdup (eq + 1, QSE_NULL, mmgr);
+			kptr = qse_wcstombsdupwithcmgr(envarr[count], &klen, mmgr, cmgr); 
+			vptr = qse_wcstombsdupwithcmgr(eq + 1, QSE_NULL, mmgr, cmgr);
 			if (kptr == QSE_NULL || vptr == QSE_NULL)
 			{
 				if (kptr) QSE_MMGR_FREE (mmgr, kptr);
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/fnc.c b/qse/lib/awk/fnc.c
index bd153415..f7cfff4f 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/fnc.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/fnc.c
@@ -423,9 +423,9 @@ static int index_or_rindex (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, int rindex)
 	qse_size_t len0, len1;
 	qse_awk_int_t idx, boundary = 1;
 
-	nargs = qse_awk_rtx_getnargs (rtx);
-	a0 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 0);
-	a1 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 1);
+	nargs = qse_awk_rtx_getnargs(rtx);
+	a0 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0);
+	a1 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1);
 
 	/*
 	index ("abc", "d", 3);
@@ -437,15 +437,15 @@ static int index_or_rindex (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, int rindex)
 		qse_awk_val_t* a2;
 		int n;
 
-		a2 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 2);
-		n = qse_awk_rtx_valtoint (rtx, a2, &boundary);
+		a2 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 2);
+		n = qse_awk_rtx_valtoint(rtx, a2, &boundary);
 		if (n <= -1) return -1;
 	}
 
-	str0 = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr (rtx, a0, &len0);
+	str0 = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr(rtx, a0, &len0);
 	if (str0 == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
-	str1 = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr (rtx, a1, &len1);
+	str1 = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr(rtx, a1, &len1);
 	if (str1 == QSE_NULL)
 	{
 		qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr (rtx, a0, str0);
@@ -470,15 +470,15 @@ static int index_or_rindex (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, int rindex)
 	{
 		/* 'boundary' acts as an end position */
 		ptr = rtx->gbl.ignorecase?
-			qse_strxnrcasestr (&str0[0], boundary, str1, len1):
-			qse_strxnrstr (&str0[0], boundary, str1, len1);
+			qse_strxnrcasestr(&str0[0], boundary, str1, len1):
+			qse_strxnrstr(&str0[0], boundary, str1, len1);
 	}
 	else
 	{
 		/* 'boundary' acts as an start position */
 		ptr = rtx->gbl.ignorecase?
-			qse_strxncasestr (&str0[boundary-1], len0-boundary+1, str1, len1):
-			qse_strxnstr (&str0[boundary-1], len0-boundary+1, str1, len1);
+			qse_strxncasestr(&str0[boundary-1], len0-boundary+1, str1, len1):
+			qse_strxnstr(&str0[boundary-1], len0-boundary+1, str1, len1);
 	}
 
 	idx = (ptr == QSE_NULL)? 0: ((qse_awk_int_t)(ptr-str0) + 1);
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ static int index_or_rindex (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, int rindex)
 	qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr (rtx, a1, str1);
 	qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr (rtx, a0, str0);
 
-	a0 = qse_awk_rtx_makeintval (rtx, idx);
+	a0 = qse_awk_rtx_makeintval(rtx, idx);
 	if (a0 == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
 	qse_awk_rtx_setretval (rtx, a0);
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/mod-str.c b/qse/lib/awk/mod-str.c
index 8255cca8..278b0d84 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/mod-str.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/mod-str.c
@@ -37,18 +37,33 @@ static int fnc_normspace (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	 * - trim leading and trailing spaces
 	 * - replace a series of spaces to a single space
 	 */
-	qse_cstr_t path;
 	qse_awk_val_t* retv;
 	qse_awk_val_t* a0;
 
 	a0 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0);
+	if (QSE_AWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE(rtx, a0) == QSE_AWK_VAL_MBS)
+	{
+		qse_mchar_t* str0;
+		qse_size_t len0;
 
-	path.ptr = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr (rtx, a0, &path.len);
-	if (!path.ptr) return -1;
+		str0 = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, a0, &len0);
+		if (!str0) return -1;
+		len0 = qse_mbsxpac(str0, len0);
+		retv = qse_awk_rtx_makembsval(rtx, str0, len0);
+		qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, str0);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		qse_char_t* str0;
+		qse_size_t len0;
+
+		str0 = qse_awk_rtx_valtostrdup(rtx, a0, &len0);
+		if (!str0) return -1;
+		len0 = qse_strxpac(str0, len0);
+		retv = qse_awk_rtx_makestrval(rtx, str0, len0);
+		qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, str0);
+	}
 
-	path.len = qse_strxpac (path.ptr, path.len);
-	retv = qse_awk_rtx_makestrval (rtx, path.ptr, path.len);
-	qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr (rtx, a0, path.ptr);
 	if (!retv) return -1;
 	qse_awk_rtx_setretval (rtx, retv);
 
@@ -57,64 +72,107 @@ static int fnc_normspace (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 
 static int trim (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, int flags)
 {
-	qse_cstr_t path;
-	qse_char_t* npath;
 	qse_awk_val_t* retv;
 	qse_awk_val_t* a0;
 
 	a0 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0);
 
-	path.ptr = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr (rtx, a0, &path.len);
-	if (!path.ptr) return -1;
+	if (QSE_AWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE(rtx, a0) == QSE_AWK_VAL_MBS)
+	{
+		qse_mcstr_t path;
+		qse_mchar_t* npath;
+		path.ptr = ((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)a0)->val.ptr;
+		path.len = ((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)a0)->val.len;
+		npath = qse_mbsxtrmx(path.ptr, &path.len, flags);
+		retv = qse_awk_rtx_makembsval(rtx, npath, path.len);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		qse_cstr_t path;
+		qse_char_t* npath;
+		path.ptr = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr(rtx, a0, &path.len);
+		if (!path.ptr) return -1;
+		/* because qse_strxtrmx() returns the pointer and the legnth without 
+		 * affecting the string given, it's safe to pass the original value.
+		 * qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr() doesn't duplicate the value if it's of 
+		 * the string type. */
+		npath = qse_strxtrmx(path.ptr, &path.len, flags); 
+		retv = qse_awk_rtx_makestrval(rtx, npath, path.len);
+		qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr (rtx, a0, path.ptr);
+	}
 
-	npath = qse_strxtrmx (path.ptr, &path.len, flags);
-	retv = qse_awk_rtx_makestrval (rtx, npath, path.len);
-	qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr (rtx, a0, path.ptr);
 	if (!retv) return -1;
 	qse_awk_rtx_setretval (rtx, retv);
-
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int fnc_trim (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return trim (rtx, QSE_STRTRMX_LEFT | QSE_STRTRMX_RIGHT);
+	return trim(rtx, QSE_STRTRMX_LEFT | QSE_STRTRMX_RIGHT);
 }
 static int fnc_ltrim (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return trim (rtx, QSE_STRTRMX_LEFT);
+	return trim(rtx, QSE_STRTRMX_LEFT);
 }
 static int fnc_rtrim (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return trim (rtx, QSE_STRTRMX_RIGHT);
+	return trim(rtx, QSE_STRTRMX_RIGHT);
 }  
 
 static int is_class (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, qse_ctype_t ctype)
 {
 	qse_awk_val_t* a0;
-	qse_char_t* str0;
-	qse_size_t len0;
 	int tmp;
 
 	a0 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 0);
 
-	str0 = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr (rtx, a0, &len0);
-	if (!str0) return -1;
+	if (QSE_AWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE(rtx, a0) == QSE_AWK_VAL_MBS)
+	{
+		qse_mchar_t* str0;
+		qse_size_t len0;
 
-	if (len0 <= 0) tmp = 0;
+		str0 = ((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)a0)->val.ptr;
+		len0 = ((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)a0)->val.len;
+
+		if (len0 <= 0) tmp = 0;
+		else
+		{
+			tmp = 1;
+			do
+			{
+				len0--;
+				if (!qse_ismctype(str0[len0], ctype)) 
+				{
+					tmp = 0;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			while (len0 > 0);
+		}
+	}
 	else
 	{
-		tmp = 1;
-		do
+		qse_char_t* str0;
+		qse_size_t len0;
+
+		str0 = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr(rtx, a0, &len0);
+		if (!str0) return -1;
+
+		if (len0 <= 0) tmp = 0;
+		else
 		{
-			len0--;
-			if (!qse_isctype(str0[len0], ctype)) 
+			tmp = 1;
+			do
 			{
-				tmp = 0;
-				break;
+				len0--;
+				if (!qse_isctype(str0[len0], ctype)) 
+				{
+					tmp = 0;
+					break;
+				}
 			}
+			while (len0 > 0);
 		}
-		while (len0 > 0);
 		qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr (rtx, a0, str0);
 	}
 
@@ -127,85 +185,116 @@ static int is_class (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, qse_ctype_t ctype)
 
 static int fnc_isalnum (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_ALNUM);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_ALNUM);
 }
 
 static int fnc_isalpha (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_ALPHA);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_ALPHA);
 }
 
 static int fnc_isblank (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_BLANK);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_BLANK);
 }
 
 static int fnc_iscntrl (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_CNTRL);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_CNTRL);
 }
 
 static int fnc_isdigit (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_DIGIT);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_DIGIT);
 }
 
 static int fnc_isgraph (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_GRAPH);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_GRAPH);
 }
 
 static int fnc_islower (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_LOWER);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_LOWER);
 }
 
 static int fnc_isprint (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_PRINT);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_PRINT);
 }
 
 static int fnc_ispunct (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_PUNCT);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_PUNCT);
 }
 
 static int fnc_isspace (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_SPACE);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_SPACE);
 }
 
 static int fnc_isupper (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_UPPER);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_UPPER);
 }
 
 static int fnc_isxdigit (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	return is_class (rtx, QSE_CTYPE_XDIGIT);
+	return is_class(rtx, QSE_CTYPE_XDIGIT);
 }
 
 static int fnc_value (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
 	/* return the numeric value for the first character.
 	 * you can use sprintf("%c", num_val) for reverse conversion. */
-
-	qse_cstr_t path;
 	qse_awk_val_t* retv;
 	qse_awk_val_t* a0;
+	qse_awk_int_t iv = -1;
 
 	a0 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0);
 
-	path.ptr = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr (rtx, a0, &path.len);
-	if (path.ptr && path.len >= 1)
+	if (QSE_AWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE(rtx, a0) == QSE_AWK_VAL_MBS)
 	{
-	#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
-		/* typecasting in case qse_mchar_t is signed */
-		retv = qse_awk_rtx_makeintval (rtx, (unsigned char)path.ptr[0]);
-	#else
-		retv = qse_awk_rtx_makeintval (rtx, path.ptr[0]);
-	#endif
-		qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr (rtx, a0, path.ptr);
+		qse_mchar_t* str0;
+		qse_size_t len0;
+
+		str0 = ((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)a0)->val.ptr;
+		len0 = ((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)a0)->val.len;
+
+		if (len0 >= 1)
+		{
+		#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
+			/* typecasting in case qse_mchar_t is signed */
+			iv = (unsigned char)str0[0];
+		#else
+			iv = str0[0];
+		#endif
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		qse_char_t* str0;
+		qse_size_t len0;
+
+		str0 = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr(rtx, a0, &len0);
+		if (!str0) return -1;
+
+		if (len0 >= 1)
+		{
+		#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
+			/* typecasting in case qse_mchar_t is signed */
+			iv = (unsigned char)str0[0];
+		#else
+			iv = str0[0];
+		#endif
+		}
+
+		qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr(rtx, a0, str0);
+	}
+
+	if (iv >= 0)
+	{
+		retv = qse_awk_rtx_makeintval(rtx, iv);
 		if (!retv) return -1;
 		qse_awk_rtx_setretval (rtx, retv);
 	}
@@ -215,8 +304,8 @@ static int fnc_value (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 
 static int fnc_tonum (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
-	/* str::tonum (value) */
-	/* str::tonum (string, base) */
+	/* str::tonum(value) */
+	/* str::tonum(string, base) */
 
 	qse_awk_val_t* retv;
 	qse_awk_val_t* a0;
@@ -226,6 +315,22 @@ static int fnc_tonum (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 
 	a0 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0);
 
+	if (QSE_AWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE(rtx, a0) == QSE_AWK_VAL_MBS && qse_awk_rtx_getnargs(rtx) >= 2)
+	{
+		/* if the value is known to be a byte string, it supports the optional
+		 * base parameter */
+		qse_awk_val_t* a1 = qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1);
+		qse_awk_int_t base;
+
+		if (qse_awk_rtx_valtoint(rtx, a1, &base) <= -1) return -1;
+		rx = qse_awk_rtx_mbstonum (
+			rtx,
+			QSE_AWK_RTX_STRTONUM_MAKE_OPTION(0, base),
+			((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)a0)->val.ptr,
+			((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)a0)->val.len,
+			&lv, &rv
+		);
+	}
 	if (QSE_AWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE(rtx, a0) == QSE_AWK_VAL_STR && qse_awk_rtx_getnargs(rtx) >= 2)
 	{
 		/* if the value is known to be a string, it supports the optional
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/mod-sys.c b/qse/lib/awk/mod-sys.c
index 041306df..3da4e5f2 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/mod-sys.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/mod-sys.c
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ static int fnc_strftime (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	qse_size_t len;
 	qse_awk_val_t* retv;
 
-	fmt = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 0), &len);
+	fmt = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0), &len);
 	if (fmt) 
 	{
 		qse_ntime_t nt;
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ static int fnc_strftime (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 			nt.sec = tmpsec;
 		}
 
-		if (qse_localtime (&nt, &bt) >= 0)
+		if (qse_localtime(&nt, &bt) >= 0)
 		{
 			qse_mchar_t tmpbuf[64], * tmpptr;
 			struct tm tm;
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ I use 'count' to limit the maximum number of retries when 0 is returned.
 			}
 			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, fmt);
 
-			retv = qse_awk_rtx_makestrvalwithmbs (rtx, tmpptr);
+			retv = qse_awk_rtx_makestrvalwithmbs(rtx, tmpptr);
 			if (tmpptr && tmpptr != tmpbuf) qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, tmpptr);
 			if (retv == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ static int fnc_getenv (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	qse_size_t len;
 	qse_awk_val_t* retv;
 
-	var = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (
+	var = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(
 		rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 0), &len);
 	if (var)
 	{
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ static int fnc_system (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* mbs;
-		mbs = qse_wcstombsdup (str, QSE_NULL, qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr(rtx));
+		mbs = qse_wcstombsdupwithcmgr(str, QSE_NULL, qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr(rtx), qse_awk_rtx_getcmgr(rtx));
 		if (mbs == QSE_NULL) 
 		{
 			n = -1;
@@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ static int fnc_openlog (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 #if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
 	mbs_ident = qse_mbsdup(actual_ident, qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr(rtx));
 #else
-	mbs_ident = qse_wcstombsdup(actual_ident, QSE_NULL, qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr(rtx));
+	mbs_ident = qse_wcstombsdupwithcmgr(actual_ident, QSE_NULL, qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr(rtx), qse_awk_rtx_getcmgr(rtx));
 #endif
 	if (!mbs_ident) goto done;
 
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ static int fnc_writelog (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 		#else
 		{
 			qse_mchar_t* mbs;
-			mbs = qse_wcstombsdup(msg, QSE_NULL, qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr(rtx));
+			mbs = qse_wcstombsdupwithcmgr(msg, QSE_NULL, qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr(rtx), qse_awk_rtx_getcmgr(rtx));
 			if (!mbs) goto done;
 			syslog(pri, "%s", mbs);
 			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, mbs);
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/mod-uci.c b/qse/lib/awk/mod-uci.c
index 7c35e24b..e3f44a94 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/mod-uci.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/mod-uci.c
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_load  (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = load_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_save  (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = save_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_commit (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = commit_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -907,7 +907,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_revert (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = revert_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_delete (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = delete_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_rename (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = rename_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_set (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = set_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -1055,8 +1055,8 @@ static int fnc_uci_addsection (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item, * type;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
-		type = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 2), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		type = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 2), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item && type)
 		{
 			ret = addsection_byid (rtx, list, id, item, type);
@@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_addlist (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = addlist_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_setconfdir  (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = setconfdir_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_setsavedir  (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = setsavedir_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -1207,7 +1207,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_adddeltapath  (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t*
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = adddeltapath_byid (rtx, list, id, item);
@@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@ static int fnc_uci_getoption (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
 			ret = getoption_byid (rtx, list, id, item, qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 2));
@@ -1272,16 +1272,16 @@ static int fnc_uci_getsection (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	
 	list = rtx_to_list (rtx, fi);
 
-	ret = qse_awk_rtx_valtoint (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 0), &id);
+	ret = qse_awk_rtx_valtoint(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 0), &id);
 	if (ret <= -1) ret = -UCI_ERR_INVAL;
 	else
 	{
 		qse_mchar_t* item;
 
-		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
+		item = qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup(rtx, qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 1), QSE_NULL);
 		if (item)
 		{
-			ret = getsection_byid (rtx, list, id, item, qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 2));
+			ret = getsection_byid(rtx, list, id, item, qse_awk_rtx_getarg (rtx, 2));
 			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, item);
 			if (ret == -9999) return -1;
 		}
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/run.c b/qse/lib/awk/run.c
index e7c857ac..25e8a5dc 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/run.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/run.c
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #define MMGR(rtx) ((rtx)->awk->mmgr)
+#define CMGR(rtx) ((rtx)->awk->cmgr)
 
 enum exit_level_t
 {
@@ -779,6 +780,11 @@ qse_mmgr_t* qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx)
 	return MMGR(rtx);
 }
 
+qse_cmgr_t* qse_awk_rtx_getcmgr (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx)
+{
+	return CMGR(rtx);
+}
+
 qse_htb_t* qse_awk_rtx_getnvmap (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx)
 {
 	return rtx->named;
@@ -960,14 +966,12 @@ void qse_awk_rtx_pushecb (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, qse_awk_rtx_ecb_t* ecb)
 
 static void free_namedval (qse_htb_t* map, void* dptr, qse_size_t dlen)
 {
-	qse_awk_rtx_refdownval (
-		*(qse_awk_rtx_t**)QSE_XTN(map), dptr);
+	qse_awk_rtx_refdownval (*(qse_awk_rtx_t**)QSE_XTN(map), dptr);
 }
 
 static void same_namedval (qse_htb_t* map, void* dptr, qse_size_t dlen)
 {
-	qse_awk_rtx_refdownval_nofree (
-		*(qse_awk_rtx_t**)QSE_XTN(map), dptr);
+	qse_awk_rtx_refdownval_nofree (*(qse_awk_rtx_t**)QSE_XTN(map), dptr);
 }
 
 static int init_rtx (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, qse_awk_t* awk, qse_awk_rio_t* rio)
@@ -1328,7 +1332,6 @@ static int defaultify_globals (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx)
 	qse_size_t i, j;
 	int stridx;
 
-
 	stridx = (rtx->awk->opt.trait & QSE_AWK_CRLF)? 1: 0;
 	for (i = 0; i < QSE_COUNTOF(gtab); i++)
 	{
@@ -4514,7 +4517,7 @@ static QSE_INLINE int __cmp_str_bytearr (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, qse_awk_val_t* left
 	qse_size_t mbslen;
 	int n;
 
-	mbsptr = qse_wcsntombsdup(ls->val.ptr, ls->val.len, &mbslen, qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr(rtx));
+	mbsptr = qse_wcsntombsdupwithcmgr(ls->val.ptr, ls->val.len, &mbslen, MMGR(rtx), CMGR(rtx));
 	if (!mbsptr)
 	{
 		qse_awk_rtx_seterrnum (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/std.c b/qse/lib/awk/std.c
index 584802f6..e4634172 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/std.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/std.c
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ void* qse_awk_stdmodopen (qse_awk_t* awk, const qse_awk_mod_spec_t* spec)
 	#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
 	modpath = qse_mbsadup (tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
 	#else
-	modpath = qse_wcsatombsdup (tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
+	modpath = qse_wcsatombsdupwithcmgr(tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr, awk->cmgr);
 	#endif
 	if (!modpath)
 	{
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ void* qse_awk_stdmodopen (qse_awk_t* awk, const qse_awk_mod_spec_t* spec)
 	#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
 	modpath = qse_mbsadup (tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
 	#else
-	modpath = qse_wcsatombsdup (tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
+	modpath = qse_wcsatombsdupwithcmgr(tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr, awk->cmgr);
 	#endif
 	if (!modpath)
 	{
@@ -359,9 +359,9 @@ void* qse_awk_stdmodopen (qse_awk_t* awk, const qse_awk_mod_spec_t* spec)
 	tmp[count] = QSE_NULL;
 
 	#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
-	modpath = qse_mbsadup (tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
+	modpath = qse_mbsadup(tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
 	#else
-	modpath = qse_wcsatombsdup (tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
+	modpath = qse_wcsatombsdupwithcmgr(tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr, awk->cmgr);
 	#endif
 	if (!modpath)
 	{
@@ -390,9 +390,9 @@ void* qse_awk_stdmodopen (qse_awk_t* awk, const qse_awk_mod_spec_t* spec)
 	tmp[count] = QSE_NULL;
 
 	#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
-	modpath = qse_mbsadup (tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
+	modpath = qse_mbsadup(tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
 	#else
-	modpath = qse_wcsatombsdup (tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
+	modpath = qse_wcsatombsdupwithcmgr(tmp, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr, awk->cmgr);
 	#endif
 	if (!modpath)
 	{
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ void* qse_awk_stdmodsym (qse_awk_t* awk, void* handle, const qse_char_t* name)
 #if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
 	mname = name;
 #else
-	mname = qse_wcstombsdup (name, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr);
+	mname = qse_wcstombsdupwithcmgr(name, QSE_NULL, awk->mmgr, awk->cmgr);
 	if (!mname)
 	{
 		qse_awk_seterrnum (awk, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
@@ -1818,8 +1818,8 @@ static int __build_environ (
 			/* mbstowcsdup() may fail for invalid encoding. as the environment 
 			 * variaables are not under control, call mbstowcsalldup() instead 
 			 * to go on despite encoding failure */
-			kptr = qse_mbstowcsalldup (envarr[count], &klen, rtx->awk->mmgr); 
-			vptr = qse_mbstowcsalldup (eq + 1, QSE_NULL, rtx->awk->mmgr);
+			kptr = qse_mbstowcsalldupwithcmgr(envarr[count], &klen, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr); 
+			vptr = qse_mbstowcsalldupwithcmgr(eq + 1, QSE_NULL, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
 			if (kptr == QSE_NULL || vptr == QSE_NULL)
 			{
 				if (kptr) QSE_MMGR_FREE (rtx->awk->mmgr, kptr);
@@ -1832,13 +1832,13 @@ static int __build_environ (
 
 			*eq = QSE_MT('=');
 		#else
-			eq = qse_wcschr (envarr[count], QSE_WT('='));
+			eq = qse_wcschr(envarr[count], QSE_WT('='));
 			if (eq == QSE_NULL || eq == envarr[count]) continue;
 
 			*eq = QSE_WT('\0');
 
-			kptr = qse_wcstombsdup (envarr[count], &klen, rtx->awk->mmgr); 
-			vptr = qse_wcstombsdup (eq + 1, QSE_NULL, rtx->awk->mmgr);
+			kptr = qse_wcstombsdupwithcmgr(envarr[count], &klen, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr); 
+			vptr = qse_wcstombsdupwithcmgr(eq + 1, QSE_NULL, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
 			if (kptr == QSE_NULL || vptr == QSE_NULL)
 			{
 				if (kptr) QSE_MMGR_FREE (rtx->awk->mmgr, kptr);
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/val.c b/qse/lib/awk/val.c
index 96fb4f48..2742c37d 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/val.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/val.c
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ qse_awk_val_t* qse_awk_rtx_makestrvalwithmbs (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_mcha
 	qse_awk_val_t* v;
 	qse_wcstr_t tmp;
 
-	tmp.ptr = qse_mbstowcsdup(mbs, &tmp.len, rtx->awk->mmgr);
+	tmp.ptr = qse_mbstowcsalldupwithcmgr(mbs, &tmp.len, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
 	if (tmp.ptr == QSE_NULL)
 	{
 		qse_awk_rtx_seterrnum (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ qse_awk_val_t* qse_awk_rtx_makestrvalwithwcs (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_wcha
 	qse_awk_val_t* v;
 	qse_mcstr_t tmp;
 
-	tmp.ptr = qse_wcstombsdup(wcs, &tmp.len, rtx->awk->mmgr);
+	tmp.ptr = qse_wcstombsdupwithcmgr(wcs, &tmp.len, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
 	if (tmp.ptr == QSE_NULL)
 	{
 		qse_awk_rtx_seterrnum (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ qse_awk_val_t* qse_awk_rtx_makestrvalwithmxstr (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_mc
 	qse_size_t mbslen;
 
 	mbslen = mxstr->len;
-	tmp.ptr = qse_mbsntowcsdup(mxstr->ptr, &mbslen, &tmp.len, rtx->awk->mmgr);
+	tmp.ptr = qse_mbsntowcsalldupwithcmgr(mxstr->ptr, &mbslen, &tmp.len, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
 	if (tmp.ptr == QSE_NULL)
 	{
 		qse_awk_rtx_seterrnum (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ qse_awk_val_t* qse_awk_rtx_makestrvalwithwxstr (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_wc
 	qse_size_t wcslen;
 
 	wcslen = wxstr->len;
-	tmp.ptr = qse_wcsntombsdup(wxstr->ptr, &wcslen, &tmp.len, rtx->awk->mmgr);
+	tmp.ptr = qse_wcsntombsdupwithcmgr(wxstr->ptr, &wcslen, &tmp.len, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
 	if (tmp.ptr == QSE_NULL)
 	{
 		qse_awk_rtx_seterrnum (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL);
@@ -1444,9 +1444,7 @@ static int val_ref_to_str (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_val_ref_t* ref, qse
 	}
 }
 
-int qse_awk_rtx_valtostr (
-	qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_val_t* v,
-	qse_awk_rtx_valtostr_out_t* out)
+int qse_awk_rtx_valtostr (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_val_t* v, qse_awk_rtx_valtostr_out_t* out)
 {
 	qse_awk_val_type_t vtype = QSE_AWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE (rtx, v);
 
@@ -1522,48 +1520,113 @@ qse_char_t* qse_awk_rtx_valtostrdup (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_val_t* v,
 
 qse_mchar_t* qse_awk_rtx_valtombsdup (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_val_t* v, qse_size_t* len)
 {
-#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
-	qse_awk_rtx_valtostr_out_t out;
-
-	out.type = QSE_AWK_RTX_VALTOSTR_CPLDUP;
-	if (qse_awk_rtx_valtostr(rtx, v, &out) <= -1) return QSE_NULL;
-
-	if (len) *len = out.u.cpldup.len;
-	return out.u.cpldup.ptr;
-#else
-	qse_awk_rtx_valtostr_out_t out;
 	qse_mchar_t* mbs;
 
-	out.type = QSE_AWK_RTX_VALTOSTR_CPLDUP;
-	if (qse_awk_rtx_valtostr(rtx, v, &out) <= -1) return QSE_NULL;
+	if (QSE_AWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE(rtx,v) == QSE_AWK_VAL_MBS)
+	{
+		mbs = qse_mbsxdup(((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)v)->val.ptr, ((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)v)->val.len, rtx->awk->mmgr);
+		if (!mbs) 
+		{
+			qse_awk_rtx_seterror (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL, QSE_NULL);
+			return QSE_NULL;
+		}
+
+		if (len) *len = ((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)v)->val.len;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		qse_char_t* str0;
+		qse_size_t len0, len1;
+
+		str0 = qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr(rtx, v, &len0);
+		if (!str0) return -1;
+
+		mbs = qse_wcsntombsdupwithcmgr(str0, len0, &len1, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
+		qse_awk_rtx_freevalstr (rtx, v, str0);
+		if (!mbs) 
+		{
+			qse_awk_rtx_seterror (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL, QSE_NULL);
+			return QSE_NULL;
+		}
+		if (len) *len = len1;
+	}
 
-	mbs = qse_wcsntombsdup(out.u.cpldup.ptr, out.u.cpldup.len, len, rtx->awk->mmgr);
-	QSE_AWK_FREE (rtx->awk, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
 	return mbs;
-#endif
 }
 
 qse_wchar_t* qse_awk_rtx_valtowcsdup (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_val_t* v, qse_size_t* len)
 {
-#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
-	qse_awk_rtx_valtostr_out_t out;
 	qse_wchar_t* wcs;
+	qse_awk_val_type_t vtype;
 
-	out.type = QSE_AWK_RTX_VALTOSTR_CPLDUP;
-	if (qse_awk_rtx_valtostr(rtx, v, &out) <= -1) return QSE_NULL;
+	vtype = QSE_AWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE(rtx,v);
 
-	wcs = qse_mbsntowcsdup(out.u.cpldup.ptr, out.u.cpldup.len, len, rtx->awk->mmgr);
-	QSE_AWK_FREE (rtx->awk, out.u.cpldup.ptr);
+	switch (vtype)
+	{
+		case QSE_AWK_VAL_MBS:
+		{
+			qse_size_t wcslen;
+			wcs = qse_mbsntowcsalldupwithcmgr(((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)v)->val.ptr, ((qse_awk_val_mbs_t*)v)->val.len, &wcslen, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
+			if (!wcs) 
+			{
+				qse_awk_rtx_seterror (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL, QSE_NULL);
+				return QSE_NULL;
+			}
+
+			if (len) *len = wcslen;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case QSE_AWK_VAL_STR:
+		{
+		#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
+			qse_size_t wcslen;
+			wcs = qse_mbsntowcsalldupwithcmgr(((qse_awk_val_str_t*)v)->val.ptr, ((qse_awk_val_str_t*)v)->val.len, &wcslen, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
+		#else
+			wcs = qse_strxdup(((qse_awk_val_str_t*)v)->val.ptr, ((qse_awk_val_str_t*)v)->val.len, rtx->awk->mmgr);
+		#endif
+			if (!wcs) 
+			{
+				qse_awk_rtx_seterror (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL, QSE_NULL);
+				return QSE_NULL;
+			}
+
+		#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
+			if (len) *len = wcslen;
+		#else
+			if (len) *len = ((qse_awk_val_str_t*)v)->val.len;
+		#endif
+			break;
+		}
+
+		default:
+		{
+		#if defined(QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR)
+			qse_size_t duplen, wcslen;
+			qse_char_t* dup;
+
+			dup = qse_awk_rtx_valtostrdup(rtx, v, &duplen);
+			if (!dup) return QSE_NULL;
+
+			wcs = qse_mbsntowcsalldupwithcmgr(dup, duplen, &wcslen, rtx->awk->mmgr, rtx->awk->cmgr);
+			qse_awk_rtx_freemem (rtx, dup);
+			if (!wcs)
+			{
+				qse_awk_rtx_seterror (rtx, QSE_AWK_ENOMEM, QSE_NULL, QSE_NULL);
+				return QSE_NULL;
+			}
+
+			if (len) *len = wcslen;
+		#else
+			qse_size_t wcslen;
+			wcs = qse_awk_rtx_valtostrdup(rtx, v, &wcslen);
+			if (!wcs) return QSE_NULL;
+			if (len) *len = wcslen;
+		#endif
+			break;
+		}
+	}
 	return wcs;
-#else
-	qse_awk_rtx_valtostr_out_t out;
-
-	out.type = QSE_AWK_RTX_VALTOSTR_CPLDUP;
-	if (qse_awk_rtx_valtostr (rtx, v, &out) <= -1) return QSE_NULL;
-
-	if (len) *len = out.u.cpldup.len;
-	return out.u.cpldup.ptr;
-#endif
 }
 
 qse_char_t* qse_awk_rtx_getvalstr (qse_awk_rtx_t* rtx, const qse_awk_val_t* v, qse_size_t* len)
diff --git a/qse/samples/awk/Makefile.am b/qse/samples/awk/Makefile.am
index 1685f50b..69923c32 100644
--- a/qse/samples/awk/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/samples/awk/Makefile.am
@@ -10,6 +10,14 @@ bin_PROGRAMS = awk01 awk02 awk03 awk04 awk05 awk06 awk07 awk08 awk09 awk10 awk11
 AM_LDFLAGS = -L../../lib/awk -L../../lib/cmn
 LDADD = -lqseawk -lqsecmn $(LIBM)
 
+if WIN32
+# you must adjust the value of DEFAULT_MODPOSTFIX according to
+# -version-info in ../../lib/awk/Makefile.am
+AM_CPPFLAGS += -DDEFAULT_MODPREFIX=\"libqseawk-\" -DDEFAULT_MODPOSTFIX=\"-1\"
+else
+AM_CPPFLAGS += -DDEFAULT_MODPREFIX=\"$(libdir)/libqseawk-\" -DDEFAULT_MODPOSTFIX=\"\"
+endif
+
 if WIN32 
 if WCHAR
 LDADD += $(UNICOWS_LIBS)
diff --git a/qse/samples/awk/Makefile.in b/qse/samples/awk/Makefile.in
index da3faace..0f3b084f 100644
--- a/qse/samples/awk/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/samples/awk/Makefile.in
@@ -92,8 +92,13 @@ bin_PROGRAMS = awk01$(EXEEXT) awk02$(EXEEXT) awk03$(EXEEXT) \
 	awk04$(EXEEXT) awk05$(EXEEXT) awk06$(EXEEXT) awk07$(EXEEXT) \
 	awk08$(EXEEXT) awk09$(EXEEXT) awk10$(EXEEXT) awk11$(EXEEXT) \
 	awk12$(EXEEXT) awk15$(EXEEXT) $(am__EXEEXT_1)
-@WCHAR_TRUE@@WIN32_TRUE@am__append_1 = $(UNICOWS_LIBS)
-@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am__append_2 = awk21 awk22 awk23 awk24 awk25 awk26 awk27 awk28
+
+# you must adjust the value of DEFAULT_MODPOSTFIX according to
+# -version-info in ../../lib/awk/Makefile.am
+@WIN32_TRUE@am__append_1 = -DDEFAULT_MODPREFIX=\"libqseawk-\" -DDEFAULT_MODPOSTFIX=\"-1\"
+@WIN32_FALSE@am__append_2 = -DDEFAULT_MODPREFIX=\"$(libdir)/libqseawk-\" -DDEFAULT_MODPOSTFIX=\"\"
+@WCHAR_TRUE@@WIN32_TRUE@am__append_3 = $(UNICOWS_LIBS)
+@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am__append_4 = awk21 awk22 awk23 awk24 awk25 awk26 awk27 awk28
 subdir = samples/awk
 ACLOCAL_M4 = $(top_srcdir)/aclocal.m4
 am__aclocal_m4_deps = $(top_srcdir)/m4/ax_check_sign.m4 \
@@ -466,6 +471,7 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
+runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@
@@ -475,13 +481,10 @@ top_build_prefix = @top_build_prefix@
 top_builddir = @top_builddir@
 top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
 AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = nostdinc
-AM_CPPFLAGS = \
-	-I$(top_builddir)/include \
-	-I$(top_srcdir)/include \
-	-I$(includedir)
-
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(top_builddir)/include -I$(top_srcdir)/include \
+	-I$(includedir) $(am__append_1) $(am__append_2)
 AM_LDFLAGS = -L../../lib/awk -L../../lib/cmn
-LDADD = -lqseawk -lqsecmn $(LIBM) $(am__append_1)
+LDADD = -lqseawk -lqsecmn $(LIBM) $(am__append_3)
 CMNFILES = awk00.c awk00.h
 awk01_SOURCES = awk01.c 
 awk02_SOURCES = awk02.c $(CMNFILES)
diff --git a/qse/samples/awk/awk28.cpp b/qse/samples/awk/awk28.cpp
index 44d8a2f1..38c967b9 100644
--- a/qse/samples/awk/awk28.cpp
+++ b/qse/samples/awk/awk28.cpp
@@ -121,6 +121,21 @@ protected:
 		}
 		return size;
 	}
+
+	StdAwk::ssize_t writeBytes (StdAwk::Console& io, const qse_mchar_t* data, size_t size) 
+	{
+		/*
+		try { this->output.append (data, size); }
+		catch (...) 
+		{ 
+			((StdAwk::Run*)io)->setError (QSE_AWK_ENOMEM);
+			return -1; 
+		}
+		return size;
+		*/
+		((StdAwk::Run*)io)->setError (QSE_AWK_ENOIMPL);
+		return -1; 
+	}
 };
 
 static void print_error (