diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/fio.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/fio.h
index 2ba7fc65..238d0cf6 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/fio.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/fio.h
@@ -127,6 +127,8 @@ enum qse_fio_mode_t
 	typedef unsigned long qse_fio_hnd_t;
 #elif defined(__DOS__)
 	typedef int qse_fio_hnd_t;
+#elif defined(vms) || defined(__vms)
+	typedef void* qse_fio_hnd_t; /* struct FAB* */
 #else
 	typedef int qse_fio_hnd_t;
 #endif
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/nwio.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/nwio.h
index a2eb4ddf..c296b526 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/nwio.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/nwio.h
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ enum qse_nwio_flag_t
 	QSE_NWIO_TCP           = (1 << 9),
 	QSE_NWIO_UDP           = (1 << 10),
 
+	QSE_NWIO_REUSEADDR     = (1 << 12),
+	QSE_NWIO_KEEPALIVE     = (1 << 13),
 	/** do not reread if read has been interrupted */
 	QSE_NWIO_READNORETRY   = (1 << 14),
 	/** do not rewrite if write has been interrupted */
diff --git a/qse/lib/awk/std.c b/qse/lib/awk/std.c
index b925a9c3..9585e1b3 100644
--- a/qse/lib/awk/std.c
+++ b/qse/lib/awk/std.c
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ static qse_ssize_t nwio_handler_open (
 	handle = qse_nwio_open (
 		qse_awk_rtx_getmmgr(rtx), 0, nwad, 
 		flags | QSE_NWIO_TEXT | QSE_NWIO_IGNOREMBWCERR |
-		QSE_NWIO_READNORETRY | QSE_NWIO_WRITENORETRY
+		QSE_NWIO_REUSEADDR | QSE_NWIO_READNORETRY | QSE_NWIO_WRITENORETRY
 	);
 	if (handle == QSE_NULL) return -1;
 
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
index b7aefb0f..e51934bb 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.am
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ libqsecmn_la_SOURCES = \
 	env.c \
 	gdl.c \
 	htb.c \
-	lda.c \
 	fio.c \
 	fma.c \
 	fmt.c \
@@ -42,6 +41,7 @@ libqsecmn_la_SOURCES = \
 	fs-move.c \
 	hton.c \
 	ipad.c \
+	lda.c \
 	main.c \
 	mbwc.c \
 	mbwc-str.c \
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
index 41f9798d..621d5263 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Makefile.in
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ am__DEPENDENCIES_1 =
 libqsecmn_la_DEPENDENCIES = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_1)
 am_libqsecmn_la_OBJECTS = alg-rand.lo alg-search.lo alg-sort.lo \
 	assert.lo chr.lo cp949.lo cp950.lo dll.lo env.lo gdl.lo htb.lo \
-	lda.lo fio.lo fma.lo fmt.lo fs.lo fs-err.lo fs-move.lo hton.lo \
-	ipad.lo main.lo mbwc.lo mbwc-str.lo mem.lo nwad.lo nwio.lo \
-	oht.lo opt.lo path-basename.lo path-canon.lo pio.lo pma.lo \
-	rbt.lo rex.lo sio.lo sll.lo slmb.lo stdio.lo str-beg.lo \
+	fio.lo fma.lo fmt.lo fs.lo fs-err.lo fs-move.lo hton.lo \
+	ipad.lo lda.lo main.lo mbwc.lo mbwc-str.lo mem.lo nwad.lo \
+	nwio.lo oht.lo opt.lo path-basename.lo path-canon.lo pio.lo \
+	pma.lo rbt.lo rex.lo sio.lo sll.lo slmb.lo stdio.lo str-beg.lo \
 	str-cat.lo str-chr.lo str-cnv.lo str-cmp.lo str-cpy.lo \
 	str-del.lo str-dup.lo str-dynm.lo str-dynw.lo str-end.lo \
 	str-excl.lo str-fcpy.lo str-fnmat.lo str-incl.lo str-len.lo \
@@ -309,7 +309,6 @@ libqsecmn_la_SOURCES = \
 	env.c \
 	gdl.c \
 	htb.c \
-	lda.c \
 	fio.c \
 	fma.c \
 	fmt.c \
@@ -318,6 +317,7 @@ libqsecmn_la_SOURCES = \
 	fs-move.c \
 	hton.c \
 	ipad.c \
+	lda.c \
 	main.c \
 	mbwc.c \
 	mbwc-str.c \
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/nwio.c b/qse/lib/cmn/nwio.c
index 0d37967f..1a5f45c3 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/nwio.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/nwio.c
@@ -316,10 +316,17 @@ int qse_nwio_init (
 		goto oops;
 	}
 
+	if ((flags & QSE_NWIO_TCP) && (flags & QSE_NWIO_KEEPALIVE))
+	{
+		int optval = 1;
+		setsockopt (nwio->handle, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, (void*)&optval, QSE_SIZEOF(optval));
+	}
+
 	if (flags & QSE_NWIO_PASSIVE)
 	{
 		qse_nwio_hnd_t handle;
 
+		if (flags & QSE_NWIO_REUSEADDR)
 		{
 			int optval = 1;
 			setsockopt (nwio->handle, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (void*)&optval, QSE_SIZEOF(optval));
@@ -371,10 +378,17 @@ int qse_nwio_init (
 		goto oops;
 	}
 
+	if ((flags & QSE_NWIO_TCP) && (flags & QSE_NWIO_KEEPALIVE))
+	{
+		int optval = 1;
+		setsockopt (nwio->handle, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, (void*)&optval, QSE_SIZEOF(optval));
+	}
+
 	if (flags & QSE_NWIO_PASSIVE)
 	{
 		qse_nwio_hnd_t handle;
 
+		if (flags & QSE_NWIO_REUSEADDR)
 		{
 			int optval = 1;
 			setsockopt (nwio->handle, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (void*)&optval, QSE_SIZEOF(optval));
@@ -437,11 +451,18 @@ int qse_nwio_init (
 	}
 	#endif
 
+	if ((flags & QSE_NWIO_TCP) && (flags & QSE_NWIO_KEEPALIVE))
+	{
+		int optval = 1;
+		setsockopt (nwio->handle, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, (void*)&optval, QSE_SIZEOF(optval));
+	}
+
 	if (flags & QSE_NWIO_PASSIVE)
 	{
 		qse_nwio_hnd_t handle;
 
 	#if defined(SO_REUSEADDR)
+		if (flags & QSE_NWIO_REUSEADDR)
 		{
 			int optval = 1;
 			setsockopt (nwio->handle, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (void*)&optval, QSE_SIZEOF(optval));