diff --git a/qse/include/qse/Hashable.hpp b/qse/include/qse/Hashable.hpp
index 928f588c..a25c5085 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/Hashable.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/Hashable.hpp
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public:
 
 	static qse_size_t getHashCode (const qse_char_t* str)
 	{
-		return this->getHashCode (0, str);
+		return Hashable::getHashCode (0, str);
 	}
 
 	static qse_size_t getHashCode (qse_size_t init, const void* data, qse_size_t size)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ public:
 
 	static qse_size_t getHashCode (const void* data, qse_size_t size)
 	{
-		return this->getHashCode (0, data, size);
+		return Hashable::getHashCode (0, data, size);
 	}
 };
 
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/Makefile.am b/qse/include/qse/Makefile.am
index 897a9aeb..38ce8d39 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/include/qse/Makefile.am
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ pkginclude_HEADERS = \
 if ENABLE_CXX
 pkginclude_HEADERS += \
 	Types.hpp Hashable.hpp Uncopyable.hpp RefCounted.hpp \
-	ScopedPtr.hpp Exception.hpp
+	Exception.hpp
 endif
 
 install-data-hook:
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/Makefile.in b/qse/include/qse/Makefile.in
index 279625c7..02b641c6 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/include/qse/Makefile.in
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ build_triplet = @build@
 host_triplet = @host@
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am__append_1 = \
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	Types.hpp Hashable.hpp Uncopyable.hpp RefCounted.hpp \
-@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	ScopedPtr.hpp Exception.hpp
+@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	Exception.hpp
 
 subdir = include/qse
 DIST_COMMON = $(am__pkginclude_HEADERS_DIST) $(srcdir)/Makefile.am \
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ am__can_run_installinfo = \
 am__pkginclude_HEADERS_DIST = conf-msw.h conf-os2.h conf-dos.h \
 	conf-vms.h conf-mac.h conf-inf.h types.h macros.h pack1.h \
 	unpack.h Types.hpp Hashable.hpp Uncopyable.hpp RefCounted.hpp \
-	ScopedPtr.hpp Exception.hpp
+	Exception.hpp
 am__vpath_adj_setup = srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's|.|.|g'`;
 am__vpath_adj = case $$p in \
     $(srcdir)/*) f=`echo "$$p" | sed "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||"`;; \
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Array.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Array.hpp
index 49c52500..60aaf652 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Array.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Array.hpp
@@ -75,7 +75,8 @@ public:
 		INVALID_INDEX = ~(qse_size_t)0
 	};
 
-	Array (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL, qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): Mmged (mmgr)
+private:
+	void init_array (int capacity)
 	{
 		if (capacity <= 0) 
 		{
@@ -92,6 +93,17 @@ public:
 		this->count  = 0;
 	}
 
+public:
+	Array (qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): Mmged (QSE_NULL)
+	{
+		this->init_array (capacity);
+	}
+
+	Array (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): Mmged (mmgr)
+	{
+		this->init_array (capacity);
+	}
+
 	Array (const SelfType& array): 
 		Mmged (array.getMmgr()),
 		count (0), capacity (0), buffer (QSE_NULL)
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/BinaryHeap.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/BinaryHeap.hpp
index 6cddd667..38fc3f0a 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/BinaryHeap.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/BinaryHeap.hpp
@@ -117,7 +117,12 @@ public:
 		INVALID_INDEX = ParentType::INVALID_INDEX
 	};
 
-	BinaryHeap (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL, qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): 
+	BinaryHeap (qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): 
+		ParentType (QSE_NULL, capacity)
+	{
+	}
+
+	BinaryHeap (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY): 
 		ParentType (mmgr, capacity)
 	{
 	}
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashList.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashList.hpp
index 0c5ffa13..fd66316f 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashList.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashList.hpp
@@ -99,11 +99,8 @@ public:
 		MIN_LOAD_FACTOR = 20
 	};
 
-	HashList (
-		Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL,
-		qse_size_t node_capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY, 
-		qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 
-		qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): Mmged(mmgr)
+private:
+	void init_list (qse_size_t node_capacity, qse_size_t load_factor, qse_size_t mpb_size)
 	{
 		if (node_capacity < MIN_CAPACITY) node_capacity = MIN_CAPACITY;
 		if (load_factor < MIN_LOAD_FACTOR) load_factor = MIN_LOAD_FACTOR;
@@ -151,7 +148,25 @@ public:
 		this->threshold   = node_capacity * load_factor / 100;
 	}
 
-	HashList (const SelfType& list): Mmged (list)
+public:
+	HashList (
+		qse_size_t node_capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY, 
+		qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 
+		qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): Mmged(QSE_NULL)
+	{
+		this->init_list (node_capacity, load_factor, mpb_size);
+	}
+
+	HashList (
+		Mmgr* mmgr,
+		qse_size_t node_capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY, 
+		qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, 
+		qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): Mmged(mmgr)
+	{
+		this->init_list (node_capacity, load_factor, mpb_size);
+	}
+
+	HashList (const SelfType& list): Mmged(list)
 	{
 		this->nodes = QSE_NULL;
 		this->node_capacity = 0;
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashTable.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashTable.hpp
index 2ebe3575..310d5c94 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashTable.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/HashTable.hpp
@@ -117,15 +117,22 @@ public:
 		MIN_LOAD_FACTOR = PairList::MIN_LOAD_FACTOR
 	};
 
-	HashTable (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL, 
-	           qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY,
+	HashTable (qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY,
 	           qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR,
 	           qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
-		Mmged(mmgr), pair_list (mmgr, capacity, load_factor, mpb_size)
+		Mmged(QSE_NULL), pair_list(QSE_NULL, capacity, load_factor, mpb_size)
 	{
 	}
 
-	HashTable (const SelfType& table): Mmged (table), pair_list (table.pair_list)
+	HashTable (Mmgr* mmgr,
+	           qse_size_t capacity = DEFAULT_CAPACITY,
+	           qse_size_t load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR,
+	           qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
+		Mmged(mmgr), pair_list(mmgr, capacity, load_factor, mpb_size)
+	{
+	}
+
+	HashTable (const SelfType& table): Mmged(table), pair_list(table.pair_list)
 	{
 	}
 
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/LinkedList.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/LinkedList.hpp
index 2655dd26..a9499290 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/LinkedList.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/LinkedList.hpp
@@ -211,8 +211,16 @@ public:
 		this->clear (true);
 	}
 
-	LinkedList (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): 
-		Mmged(mmgr), mp (mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size)
+	LinkedList (qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): 
+		Mmged(QSE_NULL), mp(QSE_NULL, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size)
+	{
+		this->node_count = 0;
+		this->head_node = QSE_NULL;
+		this->tail_node = QSE_NULL;
+	}
+
+	LinkedList (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0): 
+		Mmged(mmgr), mp(mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size)
 	{
 		this->node_count = 0;
 		this->head_node = QSE_NULL;
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Makefile.am b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Makefile.am
index 9534f993..8a5f58e1 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Makefile.am
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Makefile.am
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ pkginclude_HEADERS = \
 
 if ENABLE_CXX
 pkginclude_HEADERS += \
-	Mmgr.hpp StdMmgr.hpp HeapMmgr.hpp Mmged.hpp SharedPtr.hpp \
+	Mmgr.hpp StdMmgr.hpp HeapMmgr.hpp Mmged.hpp \
+	ScopedPtr.hpp SharedPtr.hpp \
 	Mpool.hpp Association.hpp LinkedList.hpp HashList.hpp HashTable.hpp \
 	RedBlackTree.hpp RedBlackTable.hpp \
 	Array.hpp BinaryHeap.hpp
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Makefile.in b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Makefile.in
index f42622a6..2dac188d 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Makefile.in
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Makefile.in
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ POST_UNINSTALL = :
 build_triplet = @build@
 host_triplet = @host@
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@am__append_1 = \
-@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	Mmgr.hpp StdMmgr.hpp HeapMmgr.hpp Mmged.hpp SharedPtr.hpp \
+@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	Mmgr.hpp StdMmgr.hpp HeapMmgr.hpp Mmged.hpp \
+@ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	ScopedPtr.hpp SharedPtr.hpp \
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	Mpool.hpp Association.hpp LinkedList.hpp HashList.hpp HashTable.hpp \
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	RedBlackTree.hpp RedBlackTable.hpp \
 @ENABLE_CXX_TRUE@	Array.hpp BinaryHeap.hpp
@@ -93,9 +94,9 @@ am__pkginclude_HEADERS_DIST = alg.h chr.h cp949.h cp950.h dir.h dll.h \
 	nwio.h oht.h opt.h path.h pio.h pma.h rbt.h rex.h sck.h sio.h \
 	sll.h slmb.h str.h task.h time.h tio.h tmr.h tre.h uni.h uri.h \
 	utf8.h xma.h Mmgr.hpp StdMmgr.hpp HeapMmgr.hpp Mmged.hpp \
-	SharedPtr.hpp Mpool.hpp Association.hpp LinkedList.hpp \
-	HashList.hpp HashTable.hpp RedBlackTree.hpp RedBlackTable.hpp \
-	Array.hpp BinaryHeap.hpp
+	ScopedPtr.hpp SharedPtr.hpp Mpool.hpp Association.hpp \
+	LinkedList.hpp HashList.hpp HashTable.hpp RedBlackTree.hpp \
+	RedBlackTable.hpp Array.hpp BinaryHeap.hpp
 am__vpath_adj_setup = srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's|.|.|g'`;
 am__vpath_adj = case $$p in \
     $(srcdir)/*) f=`echo "$$p" | sed "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||"`;; \
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Mmged.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Mmged.hpp
index b7dbd7d7..120d678c 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Mmged.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Mmged.hpp
@@ -46,10 +46,19 @@ public:
 	///
 	/// The getMmgr() function returns the memory manager associated.
 	///
-	Mmgr* getMmgr () const { return this->mmgr; }
+	Mmgr* getMmgr () const { return this->_mmgr; }
 
 protected:
-	Mmgr* mmgr;
+	/// 
+	/// The setMmgr() function changes the memory manager.
+	/// Changing memory manager requires extra care to be taken 
+	/// especially when you have some data allocated with the previous 
+	/// manager. for this reason, i put this as a protected function.
+	///
+	void setMmgr(Mmgr* mmgr);
+
+private:
+	Mmgr* _mmgr;
 };
 
 /////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Mmgr.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Mmgr.hpp
index 7950c236..dab33d23 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/Mmgr.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/Mmgr.hpp
@@ -193,24 +193,4 @@ void* operator new[] (qse_size_t size, QSE::Mmgr* mmgr);
 void operator delete[] (void* ptr, QSE::Mmgr* mmgr);
 #endif
 
-
-/////////////////////////////////
-QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
-/////////////////////////////////
-
-// Customized deleter for ScopedPtr
-template <typename T>
-struct ScopedPtrMmgrDeleter
-{
-	void operator() (T* ptr, void* arg)
-	{
-		ptr->~T ();
-		::operator delete (ptr, (QSE::Mmgr*)arg);
-	}
-};
-
-/////////////////////////////////
-QSE_END_NAMESPACE(QSE)
-/////////////////////////////////
-
 #endif
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTable.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTable.hpp
index 35f09b8b..2d249e3a 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTable.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTable.hpp
@@ -91,12 +91,17 @@ public:
 	typedef typename PairTree::ConstIterator ConstIterator;
 
 
-	RedBlackTable (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
-		Mmged(mmgr), pair_tree (mmgr, mpb_size)
+	RedBlackTable (qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
+		Mmged(QSE_NULL), pair_tree(QSE_NULL, mpb_size)
 	{
 	}
 
-	RedBlackTable (const SelfType& table): Mmged (table), pair_tree (table.pair_tree)
+	RedBlackTable (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
+		Mmged(mmgr), pair_tree(mmgr, mpb_size)
+	{
+	}
+
+	RedBlackTable (const SelfType& table): Mmged(table), pair_tree(table.pair_tree)
 	{
 	}
 
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTree.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTree.hpp
index dcaa46e3..eb5690f3 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTree.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/RedBlackTree.hpp
@@ -319,10 +319,8 @@ public:
 
 	typedef RedBlackTreeComparator<T> DefaultComparator;
 
-	RedBlackTree (Mmgr* mmgr = QSE_NULL, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
-		Mmged (mmgr),
-		mp (mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size),
-		node_count (0)
+private:
+	void init_tree (qse_size_t mpb_size)
 	{
 	#if defined(QSE_REDBLACKTREE_ALLOCATE_NIL)
 		// create a nil object. note it doesn't go into the memory pool.
@@ -338,6 +336,19 @@ public:
 		this->root = this->nil;
 	}
 
+public:
+	RedBlackTree (qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
+		Mmged(QSE_NULL), mp(QSE_NULL, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size), node_count(0)
+	{
+		this->init_tree (mpb_size);
+	}
+
+	RedBlackTree (Mmgr* mmgr, qse_size_t mpb_size = 0):
+		Mmged (mmgr), mp (mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(Node), mpb_size), node_count (0)
+	{
+		this->init_tree (mpb_size);
+	}
+
 	RedBlackTree (const SelfType& rbt): 
 		Mmged (rbt.getMmgr()),
 		mp (rbt.getMmgr(), rbt.mp.getDatumSize(), rbt.mp.getBlockSize()),
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/ScopedPtr.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/ScopedPtr.hpp
similarity index 90%
rename from qse/include/qse/ScopedPtr.hpp
rename to qse/include/qse/cmn/ScopedPtr.hpp
index 785e0502..f300ea4a 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/ScopedPtr.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/ScopedPtr.hpp
@@ -24,10 +24,11 @@
     THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-#ifndef _QSE_SCOPEDPTR_HPP_
-#define _QSE_SCOPEDPTR_HPP_
+#ifndef _QSE_CMN_SCOPEDPTR_HPP_
+#define _QSE_CMN_SCOPEDPTR_HPP_
 
 #include <qse/Uncopyable.hpp>
+#include <qse/cmn/Mmgr.hpp>
 
 /////////////////////////////////
 QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
@@ -51,6 +52,16 @@ struct ScopedPtrArrayDeleter
 	}
 };
 
+template <typename T>
+struct ScopedPtrMmgrDeleter
+{
+	void operator() (T* ptr, void* arg)
+	{
+		ptr->~T ();
+		::operator delete (ptr, (QSE::Mmgr*)arg);
+	}
+};
+
 /// The ScopedPtr class is a template class that destroys the object the
 /// pointer points to when its destructor is called. You can use this class
 /// to free a certain resource associated to the pointer when it goes out
@@ -58,7 +69,7 @@ struct ScopedPtrArrayDeleter
 ///
 /// \code
 /// #include <stdio.h>
-/// #include <qse/ScopedPtr.hpp>
+/// #include <qse/cmn/ScopedPtr.hpp>
 /// #include <qse/cmn/HeapMmgr.hpp>
 /// 
 /// 
@@ -69,14 +80,6 @@ struct ScopedPtrArrayDeleter
 ///     ~X() { printf ("X destructed\n"); }
 /// };
 /// 
-/// struct destroy_x_in_mmgr
-/// {
-///     void operator() (X* x, void* arg)
-///     {   
-///         x->~X();    
-///         ::operator delete (x, (QSE::Mmgr*)arg);
-///     }   
-/// };
 /// 
 /// int main ()
 /// {
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ struct ScopedPtrArrayDeleter
 ///     {   
 ///         QSE::ScopedPtr<X> x1 (new X);
 ///         QSE::ScopedPtr<X,QSE::ScopedPtrArrayDeleter<X> > x3 (new X[10]); 
-///         QSE::ScopedPtr<X,destroy_x_in_mmgr> x2 (new(&heap_mmgr) X, &heap_mmgr);
+///         QSE::ScopedPtr<X,QSE::ScopedPtrMmgrDeleter<X> > x2 (new(&heap_mmgr) X, &heap_mmgr);
 ///     }   
 /// 
 ///     return 0;
@@ -97,7 +100,7 @@ template<typename T, typename DELETER = ScopedPtrDeleter<T> >
 class QSE_EXPORT ScopedPtr: public Uncopyable
 {
 public:
-	typedef SharedPtr<T,DELETER> SelfType;
+	typedef ScopedPtr<T,DELETER> SelfType;
 
 	typedef ScopedPtrDeleter<T> DefaultDeleter;
 
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/SharedPtr.hpp b/qse/include/qse/cmn/SharedPtr.hpp
index e990dd4a..73f706e5 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/SharedPtr.hpp
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/SharedPtr.hpp
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public:
 
 			// must copy the memory manager pointer as the item
 			// to be copied is allocated using the memory manager of sp.
-			this->mmgr = sp.getMmgr();
+			this->setMmgr (sp.getMmgr());
 
 			this->item = sp.item;
 			this->item->ref++;
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Mmged.cpp b/qse/lib/cmn/Mmged.cpp
index 0133d881..c1fd8172 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Mmged.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Mmged.cpp
@@ -33,8 +33,15 @@ QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 Mmged::Mmged (Mmgr* mmgr)
 {
 	if (!mmgr) mmgr = Mmgr::getDFL();
-	this->mmgr = mmgr;
+	this->_mmgr = mmgr;
 }
+
+void Mmged::setMmgr (Mmgr* mmgr)
+{
+	if (!mmgr) mmgr = Mmgr::getDFL();
+	this->_mmgr = mmgr;
+}
+
 /////////////////////////////////
 QSE_END_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 /////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/Mpool.cpp b/qse/lib/cmn/Mpool.cpp
index 31fe7b1e..f62375ca 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/Mpool.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/Mpool.cpp
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ void Mpool::dispose ()
 		Block* next = block->next;
 
 		//::delete[] (qse_uint8_t*)block;
-		this->mmgr->dispose ((qse_uint8_t*)block);
+		this->getMmgr()->dispose ((qse_uint8_t*)block);
 
 		block = next;
 	}
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ Mpool::Block* Mpool::add_block ()
 
 	//Block* block = (Block*)::new qse_uint8_t[
 	//	QSE_SIZEOF(Block) + this->block_size * this->datum_size];
-	Block* block = (Block*)this->mmgr->allocate (QSE_SIZEOF(Block) + this->block_size * this->datum_size);
+	Block* block = (Block*)this->getMmgr()->allocate (QSE_SIZEOF(Block) + this->block_size * this->datum_size);
 	if (!block) return QSE_NULL; // this line may not be reached if the allocator raises an exception
 
 	//this->free_list = (Chain*)block->data;
diff --git a/qse/lib/sed/Sed.cpp b/qse/lib/sed/Sed.cpp
index 39bc5cc2..d068debc 100644
--- a/qse/lib/sed/Sed.cpp
+++ b/qse/lib/sed/Sed.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ QSE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(QSE)
 
 int Sed::open ()
 {
-	sed = qse_sed_open (this->mmgr, QSE_SIZEOF(Sed*));
+	sed = qse_sed_open (this->getMmgr(), QSE_SIZEOF(Sed*));
 	if (!sed) return -1;
 	*(Sed**)QSE_XTN(sed) = this;