diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/chr.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/chr.h
index 2895f487..9c820070 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/chr.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/chr.h
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: ctype.h 223 2008-06-26 06:44:41Z baconevi $
+ *
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_CHR_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/dll.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/dll.h
index 2602609b..4df9e88d 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/dll.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/dll.h
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: map.h 223 2008-06-26 06:44:41Z baconevi $
  *
- * {License}
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_DLL_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/fio.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/fio.h
index 1e1dd704..d79b1dc4 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/fio.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/fio.h
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id$
+ *
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_FIO_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/io.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/io.h
index 71f522af..e8371a2a 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/io.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/io.h
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: sysapi.h,v 1.56 2006/03/21 16:15:16 bacon Ease $
+ *
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_IO_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/lda.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/lda.h
index 54c7fa93..bfe4738a 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/lda.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/lda.h
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: lda.h 363 2008-09-04 10:58:08Z baconevi $
  *
- * {License}
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_LDA_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/map.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/map.h
index 56ce1796..dfd0a867 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/map.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/map.h
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: map.h 496 2008-12-15 09:56:48Z baconevi $
  *
- * {License}
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_MAP_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/mem.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/mem.h
index e9ef78e0..532cc352 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/mem.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/mem.h
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: mem.h 337 2008-08-20 09:17:25Z baconevi $
  *
- * {License}
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_MEM_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/opt.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/opt.h
index 430d4f20..65a53712 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/opt.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/opt.h
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: getopt.h 290 2008-07-27 06:16:54Z baconevi $
  *
- * {License}
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_OPT_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/pio.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/pio.h
index 16cd39d1..ec24e107 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/pio.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/pio.h
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id$
+ *
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_PIO_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/rex.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/rex.h
index 185706f1..bb74c214 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/rex.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/rex.h
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: rex.h 223 2008-06-26 06:44:41Z baconevi $
  *
- * {License}
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_REX_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/sio.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/sio.h
index d323e93a..afc04fb8 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/sio.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/sio.h
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: sio.h,v 1.29 2005/12/26 05:38:24 bacon Ease $
+ *
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
  
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_SIO_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/sll.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/sll.h
index 5c3e0ef3..142bf300 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/sll.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/sll.h
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: sll.h 223 2008-06-26 06:44:41Z baconevi $
  *
- * {License}
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_SLL_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h
index 33175511..5447bbf9 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/str.h
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: str.h 496 2008-12-15 09:56:48Z baconevi $
  *
- * {License}
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_STR_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/time.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/time.h
index cc850d5f..74fc4cac 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/time.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/time.h
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id$
+ *
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_TIME_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/cmn/tio.h b/qse/include/qse/cmn/tio.h
index e08c8e66..ba9b910c 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/cmn/tio.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/cmn/tio.h
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: tio.h,v 1.19 2006/01/01 13:50:24 bacon Exp $
+ *
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_CMN_TIO_H_
diff --git a/qse/include/qse/lsp/lsp.h b/qse/include/qse/lsp/lsp.h
index 525009ca..8e5fcc6e 100644
--- a/qse/include/qse/lsp/lsp.h
+++ b/qse/include/qse/lsp/lsp.h
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /*
  * $Id: lsp.h 183 2008-06-03 08:18:55Z baconevi $
  *
- * {License}
+   Copyright 2006-2008 Chung, Hyung-Hwan.
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
  */
 
 #ifndef _QSE_LSP_LSP_H_
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c b/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c
index b0b6444f..5d1c3aa8 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/pio.c
@@ -173,17 +173,26 @@ qse_pio_t* qse_pio_init (
 
 		if (flags & QSE_PIO_SHELL)
 		{
+			const qse_mchar_t* mcmd;
+
 		#ifdef QSE_CHAR_IS_MCHAR
-			const char* mcmd = cmd;
+			mcmd = cmd;
 		#else	
         		qse_size_t n, mn;
-			const char mcmd[1024];
 
-			mn = QSE_COUNTOF (mcmd);
-        		n = qse_wcstombs (cmd, mcmd, &mn);
+        		n = qse_wcstombslen (cmd, &mn);
+			if (cmd[n] != QSE_WT('\0')) 
+			{
+				/* cmd has illegal sequence */
+				goto child_oops;
+			}
 
-			if (cmd[n] != QSE_WT('\0')) goto child_oops;
-			if (mn >= QSE_COUNTOF(mcmd)) goto child_oops;
+			mn = mn + 1;
+			mcmd = QSE_MMGR_ALLOC (
+				pio->mmgr, mn*QSE_SIZEOF(*mcmd));
+			if (mcmd == QSE_NULL) goto child_oops;
+
+			n = qse_wcstombs (cmd, mcmd, &mn);
 
 			execl ("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", mcmd, QSE_NULL);
 		}
diff --git a/qse/lib/cmn/str_cnv.c b/qse/lib/cmn/str_cnv.c
index cc1547d1..2df48abb 100644
--- a/qse/lib/cmn/str_cnv.c
+++ b/qse/lib/cmn/str_cnv.c
@@ -238,10 +238,13 @@ qse_size_t qse_wcstombslen (const qse_wchar_t* wcs, qse_size_t* mbslen)
 		p++; mlen += n;
 	}
 
+	/* this length excludes the terminating null character. */
 	*mbslen = mlen;
 
-	/* returns the number of characters handled. */
-	return p - wcs; 
+	/* returns the number of characters handled. 
+	 * if the function has encountered an illegal character in
+	 * the while loop above, wcs[p-wcs] will not be a null character */
+	return p - wcs;  
 }
 
 qse_size_t qse_wcsntombsn (
diff --git a/qse/test/cmn/pio.c b/qse/test/cmn/pio.c
index 185c1231..538df4e0 100644
--- a/qse/test/cmn/pio.c
+++ b/qse/test/cmn/pio.c
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ static int test1 (void)
 		QSE_NULL,
 		0,
 		QSE_T("ls -laF"),
-		QSE_PIO_READERR|QSE_PIO_WRITEIN|QSE_PIO_ERRTOOUT|QSE_PIO_ERRTONUL | QSE_PIO_INTONUL
+		QSE_PIO_READOUT|QSE_PIO_WRITEIN|QSE_PIO_SHELL
 	);
 	if (pio == QSE_NULL)
 	{
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ static int test1 (void)
 		qse_byte_t buf[128];
 
 		/*qse_pio_canread (pio, QSE_PIO_ERR, 1000)*/
-		qse_ssize_t n = qse_pio_read (pio, buf, sizeof(buf), QSE_PIO_ERR);
+		qse_ssize_t n = qse_pio_read (pio, buf, sizeof(buf), QSE_PIO_OUT);
 		if (n == 0) break;
 		if (n < 0)
 		{