moo/moo/lib/moo.h

/*
 * $Id$
 *
    Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.

    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
    are met:
    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#ifndef _MOO_H_
#define _MOO_H_

#include <moo-cmn.h>
#include <moo-rbt.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

/* TODO: move this macro out to the build files.... */
#define MOO_INCLUDE_COMPILER

/*#define MOO_ENABLE_GC_MARK_SWEEP*/


typedef struct moo_mod_t moo_mod_t;

/* ========================================================================== */

/**
 * The moo_errnum_t type defines the error codes.
 */
enum moo_errnum_t
{
	MOO_ENOERR,   /**< no error */
	MOO_EGENERIC, /**< generic error */

	MOO_ENOIMPL,  /**< not implemented */
	MOO_ESYSERR,  /**< system error */
	MOO_EINTERN,  /**< internal error */
	MOO_ESYSMEM,  /**< insufficient system memory */
	MOO_EOOMEM,   /**< insufficient object memory */
	MOO_ETYPE,    /**< invalid class/type */

	MOO_EINVAL,   /**< invalid parameter or data */
	MOO_ENOENT,   /**< data not found */
	MOO_EEXIST,   /**< existing/duplicate data */
	MOO_EBUSY,    /**< system busy */ 
	MOO_EACCES,   /**< access denied */
	MOO_EPERM,    /**< operation not permitted */
	MOO_ENOTDIR,  /**< not directory */
	MOO_EINTR,    /**< interrupted */
	MOO_EPIPE,    /**< pipe error */
	MOO_EAGAIN,   /**< resource temporarily unavailable */
	MOO_EBADHND,  /**< bad system handle */

	MOO_EXXXXX1,  /**< **** not used ****/
	MOO_EMSGRCV,  /**< mesasge receiver error */
	MOO_EMSGSND,  /**< message sending error. even doesNotUnderstand: is not found */
	MOO_ENUMARGS, /**< wrong number of arguments */
	MOO_ERANGE,   /**< range error. overflow and underflow */
	MOO_EBCFULL,  /**< byte-code full */
	MOO_EDFULL,   /**< dictionary full */
	MOO_EPFULL,   /**< processor full */
	MOO_ESEMFLOOD,/**< too many semaphores */
	MOO_EXXXXX2,  /**< **** not used ***** */
	MOO_EDIVBY0,  /**< divide by zero */
	MOO_EIOERR,   /**< I/O error */
	MOO_EECERR,   /**< encoding conversion error */
	MOO_EECMORE,  /**< insufficient data for encoding conversion */
	MOO_EBUFFULL, /**< buffer full */

#if defined(MOO_INCLUDE_COMPILER)
	MOO_ESYNERR  /** < syntax error */
#endif
};
typedef enum moo_errnum_t moo_errnum_t;

enum moo_option_t
{
	MOO_OPTION_TRAIT,
	MOO_OPTION_LOG_MASK,
	MOO_OPTION_LOG_MAXCAPA,
	MOO_OPTION_SYMTAB_SIZE,  /* default system table size */
	MOO_OPTION_SYSDIC_SIZE,  /* default system dictionary size */
	MOO_OPTION_PROCSTK_SIZE, /* default process stack size */
	MOO_OPTION_MOD_INCTX

	/*
	MOO_OPTION_CMGR_FS,
	MOO_OPTION_CMGR_FILE_SYS
	MOO_OPTION_CMGR_
	*/
};
typedef enum moo_option_t moo_option_t;

/* [NOTE] ensure that it is a power of 2 */
#define MOO_LOG_CAPA_ALIGN 512

enum moo_option_dflval_t
{
	MOO_DFL_LOG_MAXCAPA = MOO_LOG_CAPA_ALIGN * 16,
	MOO_DFL_SYMTAB_SIZE = 5000,
	MOO_DFL_SYSDIC_SIZE = 5000,
	MOO_DFL_PROCSTK_SIZE = 1000
};
typedef enum moo_option_dflval_t moo_option_dflval_t;

enum moo_trait_t
{
	MOO_TRAIT_DEBUG_GC     = (1u << 0),
	MOO_TRAIT_DEBUG_BIGINT = (1u << 1),

	/* perform no garbage collection when the heap is full. 
	 * you still can use moo_gc() explicitly. */
	MOO_TRAIT_NOGC = (1u << 8),

	/* wait for running process when exiting from the main method */
	MOO_TRAIT_AWAIT_PROCS = (1u << 9)
};
typedef enum moo_trait_t moo_trait_t;


/* =========================================================================
 * SPECIALIZED OOP TYPES
 * ========================================================================= */

/* moo_oop_t defined in moo-cmn.h
 * moo_obj_t defined further down */

/* these are more specialized types for moo_obj_t */
typedef struct moo_obj_oop_t       moo_obj_oop_t;
typedef struct moo_obj_char_t      moo_obj_char_t;
typedef struct moo_obj_byte_t      moo_obj_byte_t;
typedef struct moo_obj_halfword_t  moo_obj_halfword_t;
typedef struct moo_obj_word_t      moo_obj_word_t;

/* these are more specialized types for moo_oop_t */
typedef struct moo_obj_oop_t*      moo_oop_oop_t;
typedef struct moo_obj_char_t*     moo_oop_char_t;
typedef struct moo_obj_byte_t*     moo_oop_byte_t;
typedef struct moo_obj_halfword_t* moo_oop_halfword_t;
typedef struct moo_obj_word_t*     moo_oop_word_t;

#define MOO_OOP_BITS  (MOO_SIZEOF_OOP_T * MOO_BITS_PER_BYTE)

/* =========================================================================
 * BIGINT TYPES AND MACROS
 * ========================================================================= */
#if defined(MOO_ENABLE_FULL_LIW) && (MOO_SIZEOF_UINTMAX_T > MOO_SIZEOF_OOW_T)
#	define MOO_USE_OOW_FOR_LIW
#endif

#if defined(MOO_USE_OOW_FOR_LIW)
	typedef moo_oow_t          moo_liw_t; /* large integer word */
	typedef moo_ooi_t          moo_lii_t;
	typedef moo_uintmax_t      moo_lidw_t; /* large integer double word */
	typedef moo_intmax_t       moo_lidi_t;
#	define MOO_SIZEOF_LIW_T    MOO_SIZEOF_OOW_T
#	define MOO_SIZEOF_LIDW_T   MOO_SIZEOF_UINTMAX_T
#	define MOO_LIW_BITS        MOO_OOW_BITS
#	define MOO_LIDW_BITS       (MOO_SIZEOF_UINTMAX_T * MOO_BITS_PER_BYTE) 

	typedef moo_oop_word_t     moo_oop_liword_t;
#	define MOO_OBJ_TYPE_LIWORD MOO_OBJ_TYPE_WORD

#else
	typedef moo_oohw_t         moo_liw_t;
	typedef moo_oohi_t         moo_lii_t;
	typedef moo_oow_t          moo_lidw_t;
	typedef moo_ooi_t          moo_lidi_t;
#	define MOO_SIZEOF_LIW_T    MOO_SIZEOF_OOHW_T
#	define MOO_SIZEOF_LIDW_T   MOO_SIZEOF_OOW_T
#	define MOO_LIW_BITS        MOO_OOHW_BITS
#	define MOO_LIDW_BITS       MOO_OOW_BITS

	typedef moo_oop_halfword_t moo_oop_liword_t;
#	define MOO_OBJ_TYPE_LIWORD MOO_OBJ_TYPE_HALFWORD

#endif

enum moo_method_type_t
{
	MOO_METHOD_INSTANCE = 0,
	MOO_METHOD_CLASS    = 1,
	MOO_METHOD_DUAL     = 2
};
typedef enum moo_method_type_t moo_method_type_t;


/* =========================================================================
 * HEADER FOR SOME GC IMPLEMENTATIONS
 * ========================================================================= */
#if defined(MOO_ENABLE_GC_MARK_SWEEP)
typedef struct moo_gchdr_t moo_gchdr_t;
struct moo_gchdr_t
{
	moo_gchdr_t* next;
};
/* The size of moo_gchdr_t must be aligned to MOO_SIZEOF_OOP_T */
#endif

/* =========================================================================
 * OBJECT STRUCTURE
 * ========================================================================= */
enum moo_obj_type_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_OOP,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_CHAR,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_BYTE,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_HALFWORD,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_WORD

/*
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_UINT8,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_UINT16,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_UINT32,
*/

/* [NOTE] you can have MOO_OBJ_SHORT, MOO_OBJ_INT
 * MOO_OBJ_LONG, MOO_OBJ_FLOAT, MOO_OBJ_DOUBLE, etc 
 * type type field being 6 bits long, you can have up to 64 different types.

	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_SHORT,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_INT,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_LONG,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_FLOAT,
	MOO_OBJ_TYPE_DOUBLE */
};
typedef enum moo_obj_type_t moo_obj_type_t;

enum moo_gcfin_t
{
	MOO_GCFIN_FINALIZABLE = (1 << 0),
	MOO_GCFIN_FINALIZED   = (1 << 1),
	MOO_GCFIN_RESERVED_0  = (1 << 2),
	MOO_GCFIN_RESERVED_1  = (1 << 3)
};
typedef enum moo_gcfin_t moo_gcfin_t;

/* =========================================================================
 * Object header structure 
 * 
 * _flags:
 *   type: the type of a payload item. 
 *         one of MOO_OBJ_TYPE_OOP, MOO_OBJ_TYPE_CHAR, 
 *                MOO_OBJ_TYPE_BYTE, MOO_OBJ_TYPE_HALFWORD, MOO_OBJ_TYPE_WORD
 *   unit: the size of a payload item in bytes. 
 *   extra: 0 or 1. 1 indicates that the payload contains 1 more
 *          item than the value of the size field. used for a 
 *          terminating null in a variable-character object. internel
 *          use only.
 *   kernel: 0, 1, or 2. indicates that the object is a kernel object.
 *           VM disallows layout changes of a kernel object.
 *           internal use only. during ignition, it's set to 1.
 *           when full definition is available, it's set to 2.
 *   moved: 0 or 1. used by GC. internal use only.
 *   ngc: 0 or 1, used by GC. internal use only.
 *   rdonly: 0 or 1. indicates that an object is immutable.
 *   gcfin: represents finalzation state.
 *   trailer: 0 or 1. indicates that there are trailing bytes
 *            after the object payload. internal use only.
 *
 * _size: the number of payload items in an object.
 *        it doesn't include the header size.
 * 
 * The total number of bytes occupied by an object can be calculated
 * with this fomula:
 *    sizeof(moo_obj_t) + ALIGN((size + extra) * unit), sizeof(moo_oop_t))
 * 
 * If the type is known to be not MOO_OBJ_TYPE_CHAR, you can assume that 
 * 'extra' is 0. So you can simplify the fomula in such a context.
 *    sizeof(moo_obj_t) + ALIGN(size * unit), sizeof(moo_oop_t))
 *
 * The ALIGN() macro is used above since allocation adjusts the payload
 * size to a multiple of sizeof(moo_oop_t). it assumes that sizeof(moo_obj_t)
 * is a multiple of sizeof(moo_oop_t). See the MOO_BYTESOF() macro.
 * 
 * Due to the header structure, an object can only contain items of
 * homogeneous data types in the payload. 
 *
 * It's actually possible to split the size field into 2. For example,
 * the upper half contains the number of oops and the lower half contains
 * the number of bytes/chars. This way, a variable-byte class or a variable-char
 * class can have normal instance variables. On the contrary, the actual byte
 * size calculation and the access to the payload fields become more complex. 
 * Therefore, i've dropped the idea.
 * ========================================================================= */
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TYPE_BITS       6
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNIT_BITS       5
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_EXTRA_BITS      1
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_BITS     2
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PERM_BITS       1
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_MOVED_BITS      1
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_BITS       2
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_RDONLY_BITS     1
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_GCFIN_BITS      4
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TRAILER_BITS    1
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_BITS       2
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE_BITS 1

#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TYPE_SHIFT       (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNIT_BITS       + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNIT_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNIT_SHIFT       (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_EXTRA_BITS      + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_EXTRA_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_EXTRA_SHIFT      (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_BITS     + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_SHIFT     (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PERM_BITS       + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PERM_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PERM_SHIFT       (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_MOVED_BITS      + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_MOVED_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_MOVED_SHIFT      (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_BITS       + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_SHIFT       (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_RDONLY_BITS     + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_RDONLY_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_RDONLY_SHIFT     (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_GCFIN_BITS      + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_GCFIN_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_GCFIN_SHIFT      (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TRAILER_BITS    + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TRAILER_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TRAILER_SHIFT    (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_BITS       + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_SHIFT       (MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE_BITS + MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE_SHIFT)
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE_SHIFT (0)

#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_TYPE(oop)       MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TYPE_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TYPE_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_UNIT(oop)       MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNIT_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNIT_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_EXTRA(oop)      MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_EXTRA_SHIFT,      MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_EXTRA_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_KERNEL(oop)     MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_SHIFT,     MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_PERM(oop)       MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PERM_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PERM_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_MOVED(oop)      MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_MOVED_SHIFT,      MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_MOVED_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_PROC(oop)       MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_RDONLY(oop)     MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_RDONLY_SHIFT,     MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_RDONLY_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_GCFIN(oop)      MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_GCFIN_SHIFT,      MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_GCFIN_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_TRAILER(oop)    MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TRAILER_SHIFT,    MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TRAILER_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_HASH(oop)       MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_BITS)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE(oop) MOO_GETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE_SHIFT, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE_BITS)

#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_TYPE(oop,v)       MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TYPE_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TYPE_BITS,       v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_UNIT(oop,v)       MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNIT_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNIT_BITS,       v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_EXTRA(oop,v)      MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_EXTRA_SHIFT,      MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_EXTRA_BITS,      v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_KERNEL(oop,v)     MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_SHIFT,     MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_BITS,     v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_PERM(oop,v)       MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PERM_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PERM_BITS,       v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_MOVED(oop,v)      MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_MOVED_SHIFT,      MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_MOVED_BITS,      v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_PROC(oop,v)       MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_BITS,       v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_RDONLY(oop,v)     MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_RDONLY_SHIFT,     MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_RDONLY_BITS,     v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_GCFIN(oop,v)      MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_GCFIN_SHIFT,      MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_GCFIN_BITS,      v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_TRAILER(oop,v)    MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TRAILER_SHIFT,    MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TRAILER_BITS,    v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_HASH(oop,v)       MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_SHIFT,       MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_BITS,       v)
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE(oop,v) MOO_SETBITS(moo_oow_t, (oop)->_flags, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE_SHIFT, MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE_BITS, v)

#define MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE(oop) ((oop)->_size)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_CLASS(oop) ((moo_oop_class_t)((oop)->_class))

#define MOO_OBJ_SET_SIZE(oop,v) ((oop)->_size = (v))
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_CLASS(oop,c) ((oop)->_class = (moo_oop_t)(c))

/* [NOTE] this macro doesn't include the size of the trailer */
#define MOO_OBJ_BYTESOF(oop) ((MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE(oop) + MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_EXTRA(oop)) * MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_UNIT(oop))

#define MOO_OBJ_IS_OOP_POINTER(oop)      (MOO_OOP_IS_POINTER(oop) && (MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_TYPE(oop) == MOO_OBJ_TYPE_OOP))
#define MOO_OBJ_IS_CHAR_POINTER(oop)     (MOO_OOP_IS_POINTER(oop) && (MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_TYPE(oop) == MOO_OBJ_TYPE_CHAR))
#define MOO_OBJ_IS_BYTE_POINTER(oop)     (MOO_OOP_IS_POINTER(oop) && (MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_TYPE(oop) == MOO_OBJ_TYPE_BYTE))
#define MOO_OBJ_IS_HALFWORD_POINTER(oop) (MOO_OOP_IS_POINTER(oop) && (MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_TYPE(oop) == MOO_OBJ_TYPE_HALFWORD))
#define MOO_OBJ_IS_WORD_POINTER(oop)     (MOO_OOP_IS_POINTER(oop) && (MOO_OBJ_GET_FLAGS_TYPE(oop) == MOO_OBJ_TYPE_WORD))


/* [NOTE] this macro doesn't check the range of the actual value.
 *        make sure that the value of each bit fields given falls within the 
 *        possible range of the defined bits */
#define MOO_OBJ_MAKE_FLAGS(_ty,_u,_e,_k,_p,_m,_g,_tr,_h,_uncp) ( \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_ty))   << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TYPE_SHIFT) | \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_u))    << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNIT_SHIFT) | \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_e))    << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_EXTRA_SHIFT) | \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_k))    << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_SHIFT) | \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_p))    << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PERM_SHIFT) | \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_m))    << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_MOVED_SHIFT) | \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_g))    << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_SHIFT) | \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_tr))   << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_TRAILER_SHIFT) | \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_h))    << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_SHIFT) | \
	(((moo_oow_t)(_uncp)) << MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_UNCOPYABLE_SHIFT) \
)

#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_USER     0  /* not a kernel object */
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_IMMATURE 1  /* incomplete kernel object. defined in gc.c for bootstrapping. but no complete class definition has been read */
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_KERNEL_MATURE   2  /* kernel  object with its full class defintion read in */

#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_UNUSED 0 /* the hash method has never been invoked */
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_CALLED 1 /* the hash method has been invoked for this object  */
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_HASH_STORED 2 /* the object with hash invoke has been moved by GC  */

#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_NOT    0  /* not process */
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_NORMAL 1  /* normal process spawned with a block sent newProcess: */
#define MOO_OBJ_FLAGS_PROC_INNATE 2  /* internally created process */

#define MOO_OBJ_HEADER \
	moo_oow_t _flags; \
	moo_oow_t _size; \
	moo_oop_t _class

struct moo_obj_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
};

struct moo_obj_oop_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oop_t slot[1];
};

struct moo_obj_char_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_ooch_t slot[1];
};

struct moo_obj_byte_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oob_t slot[1];
};

struct moo_obj_halfword_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oohw_t slot[1];
};

struct moo_obj_word_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oow_t slot[1];
};

#define MOO_OBJ_GET_OOP_SLOT(oop)      (((moo_oop_oop_t)(oop))->slot)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_CHAR_SLOT(oop)     (((moo_oop_char_t)(oop))->slot)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_BYTE_SLOT(oop)     (((moo_oop_byte_t)(oop))->slot)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_HALFWORD_SLOT(oop) (((moo_oop_halfword_t)(oop))->slot)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_WORD_SLOT(oop)     (((moo_oop_word_t)(oop))->slot)
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_LIWORD_SLOT(oop)   (((moo_oop_liword_t)(oop))->slot)

#define MOO_OBJ_GET_OOP_PTR(oop,idx)      (&(((moo_oop_oop_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_CHAR_PTR(oop,idx)     (&(((moo_oop_char_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_BYTE_PTR(oop,idx)     (&(((moo_oop_byte_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_HALFWORD_PTR(oop,idx) (&(((moo_oop_halfword_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_WORD_PTR(oop,idx)     (&(((moo_oop_word_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_LIWORD_PTR(oop,idx)   (&(((moo_oop_liword_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])

#define MOO_OBJ_GET_OOP_VAL(oop,idx)      ((((moo_oop_oop_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_CHAR_VAL(oop,idx)     ((((moo_oop_char_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_BYTE_VAL(oop,idx)     ((((moo_oop_byte_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_HALFWORD_VAL(oop,idx) ((((moo_oop_halfword_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_WORD_VAL(oop,idx)     ((((moo_oop_word_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_LIWORD_VAL(oop,idx)   ((((moo_oop_liword_t)(oop))->slot)[idx])

#define MOO_OBJ_SET_OOP_VAL(oop,idx,val)      ((((moo_oop_oop_t)(oop))->slot)[idx] = (val)) /* [NOTE] MOO_STORE_OOP() */
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_CHAR_VAL(oop,idx,val)     ((((moo_oop_char_t)(oop))->slot)[idx] = (val))
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_BYTE_VAL(oop,idx,val)     ((((moo_oop_byte_t)(oop))->slot)[idx] = (val))
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_HALFWORD_VAL(oop,idx,val) ((((moo_oop_halfword_t)(oop))->slot)[idx] = (val))
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_WORD_VAL(oop,idx,val)     ((((moo_oop_word_t)(oop))->slot)[idx] = (val))
#define MOO_OBJ_SET_LIWORD_VAL(oop,idx,val)   ((((moo_oop_liword_t)(oop))->slot)[idx] = (val))

typedef struct moo_trailer_t moo_trailer_t;
struct moo_trailer_t
{
	moo_oow_t size;
	moo_oob_t slot[1];
};

#define MOO_OBJ_GET_TRAILER_BYTE(oop) ((moo_oob_t*)&((moo_oop_oop_t)oop)->slot[MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE(oop) + 1])
#define MOO_OBJ_GET_TRAILER_SIZE(oop) ((moo_oow_t)((moo_oop_oop_t)oop)->slot[MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE(oop)])

#define MOO_DIC_NAMED_INSTVARS 2
typedef struct moo_dic_t moo_dic_t;
typedef struct moo_dic_t* moo_oop_dic_t;
struct moo_dic_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oop_t     tally;  /* SmallInteger */
	moo_oop_oop_t bucket; /* Array */
};

/* [NOTE] the beginning of the moo_nsdic_t structure
 *        must be identical to the moo_dic_t streucture */
#define MOO_NSDIC_NAMED_INSTVARS 4
typedef struct moo_nsdic_t moo_nsdic_t;
typedef struct moo_nsdic_t* moo_oop_nsdic_t;

#define MOO_METHOWNER_NAMED_INSTVARS 5
typedef struct moo_methowner_t moo_methowner_t;
typedef struct moo_methowner_t* moo_oop_methowner_t;

#define MOO_INTERFACE_NAMED_INSTVARS 5
typedef struct moo_interface_t moo_interface_t;
typedef struct moo_interface_t* moo_oop_interface_t;

#define MOO_CLASS_NAMED_INSTVARS 18
typedef struct moo_class_t moo_class_t;
typedef struct moo_class_t* moo_oop_class_t;

struct moo_nsdic_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oop_t tally;
	moo_oop_t bucket;
	/* same as moo_dic_t so far */

	moo_oop_char_t name; /* a symbol. if it belongs to a class, it will be the same as the name of the class */
	moo_oop_t nsup; /* a class if it belongs to the class. another nsdic if it doesn't */
};

struct moo_methowner_t 
{
	/* a method can be owned by a class or an interface.
	 * this structure defines common fields between a class and an interface and
	 * is for internal VM use only. */
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;

	/* === the following five fields must be placed in class and interface === */
	moo_oop_char_t name;

	/* [0] - instance methods, MethodDictionary
	 * [1] - class methods, MethodDictionary */
	moo_oop_dic_t  mthdic[2];      

	moo_oop_nsdic_t nsup; /* pointer to the upper namespace */
	moo_oop_nsdic_t nsdic; /* dictionary used for namespacing - may be nil when there are no subitems underneath */
	/* ======================================================================== */
};

struct moo_interface_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;

	/* === the following five fields must be in sync with moo_methowner_t === */
	moo_oop_char_t name;

	/* [0] - instance methods, MethodDictionary
	 * [1] - class methods, MethodDictionary */
	moo_oop_dic_t  mthdic[2];      

	moo_oop_nsdic_t nsup; /* pointer to the upper namespace */
	moo_oop_nsdic_t nsdic; /* dictionary used for namespacing - may be nil when there are no subitems underneath */
	/* ===================================================================== */
};

struct moo_class_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;

	/* === the following five fields must be in sync with moo_methowner_t === */
	moo_oop_char_t name; /* Symbol */

	/* [0] - instance methods, MethodDictionary
	 * [1] - class methods, MethodDictionary */
	moo_oop_dic_t  mthdic[2];      

	moo_oop_nsdic_t nsup; /* pointer to the upper namespace */
	moo_oop_nsdic_t nsdic; /* dictionary used for namespacing - may be nil when there are no subitems underneath */
	/* ===================================================================== */

	moo_oop_t      spec;          /* SmallInteger. instance specification */
	moo_oop_t      selfspec;      /* SmallInteger. specification of the class object itself */

	moo_oop_t      superclass;    /* Another class */
	moo_oop_t      subclasses;    /* Array of subclasses */

	moo_oop_t      modname;       /* Symbol if importing a module. nil if not. */

	/* == NEVER CHANGE THIS ORDER OF 3 ITEMS BELOW == */
	moo_oop_char_t instvars;      /* String */
	moo_oop_char_t classinstvars; /* String */
	moo_oop_char_t classvars;     /* String */
	/* == NEVER CHANGE THE ORDER OF 3 ITEMS ABOVE == */

	moo_oop_char_t pooldics;      /* String - pool dictionaries imported */

	moo_oop_t      trsize; /* trailer size for new instances */
	moo_oop_t      trgc; /* trailer gc callback */

	/* [0] - initial values for instance variables of new instances 
	 * [1] - initial values for class instance variables */
	moo_oop_t      initv[2]; 

	/* indexed part afterwards */
	moo_oop_t      cvar[1];   /* class instance variables and class variables. */
};

#define MOO_ASSOCIATION_NAMED_INSTVARS 2
typedef struct moo_association_t moo_association_t;
typedef struct moo_association_t* moo_oop_association_t;
struct moo_association_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oop_t key;
	moo_oop_t value;
};

#define MOO_METHSIG_NAMED_INSTVARS 4
typedef struct moo_methsig_t moo_methsig_t;
typedef struct moo_methsig_t* moo_oop_methsig_t;
struct moo_methsig_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;

	moo_oop_interface_t owner; /* Interface */
	moo_oop_char_t      name; /* Symbol, method name */
	moo_oop_t           preamble; /* SmallInteger, includes only preamble flags based on modifiers specified */
	moo_oop_t           tmpr_nargs; /* SmallInteger */
};


#define MOO_METHOD_NAMED_INSTVARS 9
typedef struct moo_method_t moo_method_t;
typedef struct moo_method_t* moo_oop_method_t;
struct moo_method_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;

	moo_oop_methowner_t owner;  /* Class or Interface */

	moo_oop_char_t  name; /* Symbol, method name */

	/* primitive number */
	moo_oop_t       preamble; /* SmallInteger */
	moo_oop_t       preamble_data[2]; /* SmallInteger */

	/* number of temporaries including arguments */
	moo_oop_t       tmpr_count; /* SmallInteger */

	/* number of arguments in temporaries */
	moo_oop_t       tmpr_nargs; /* SmallInteger */

	moo_oop_t       dbgi_file_offset; /* SmallInteger. source file path that contains the definition of this method. offset from moo->dbgi. 0 if unavailable */
	moo_oop_t       dbgi_method_offset; /* SmallInteger */

	/* == variable indexed part == */
	moo_oop_t       literal_frame[1]; /* it stores literals */

	/* after the literal frame comes the actual byte code */
};

/* the first byte after the main payload is the trailer size
 * the code bytes are placed after the trailer size.
 *
 * code bytes -> ((moo_oob_t*)&((moo_oop_oop_t)m)->slot[MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE(m) + 1]) or
 *               ((moo_oob_t*)&((moo_oop_method_t)m)->literal_frame[MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE(m) + 1 - MOO_METHOD_NAMED_INSTVARS]) 
 * size -> ((moo_oow_t)((moo_oop_oop_t)m)->slot[MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE(m)])*/
#define MOO_METHOD_GET_CODE_BYTE(m) MOO_OBJ_GET_TRAILER_BYTE(m)
#define MOO_METHOD_GET_CODE_SIZE(m) MOO_OBJ_GET_TRAILER_SIZE(m) 


/* The preamble field is composed of:
 *    4-bit flag
 *    5-bit code  (0 to 31)
 *    16-bit index
 *
 * The code can be one of the following values:
 *  0 - no special action
 *  1 - return self (receiver)
 *  2 - return thisContext (not used)
 *  3 - return thisProcess
 *  4 - return nil
 *  5 - return true
 *  6 - return false 
 *  7 - return index.
 *  8 - return -index.
 *  9 - return selfns
 * 10 - return instvar[index] 
 * 11 - do primitive[index]
 * 12 - do named primitive[index]
 * 13 - exception handler
 * 14 - ensure block
 */

/* [NOTE] changing preamble code bit structure requires changes to CompiledMethod>>preambleCode */
#define MOO_METHOD_MAKE_PREAMBLE(code,index,flags)  ((((moo_ooi_t)index) << 9) | ((moo_ooi_t)code << 4) | flags)
#define MOO_METHOD_GET_PREAMBLE_CODE(preamble) ((((moo_ooi_t)preamble) >> 4) & 0x1F)
#define MOO_METHOD_GET_PREAMBLE_INDEX(preamble) (((moo_ooi_t)preamble) >> 9)
#define MOO_METHOD_GET_PREAMBLE_FLAGS(preamble) (((moo_ooi_t)preamble) & 0xF)

/* preamble codes */
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_NONE                0
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_RECEIVER     1
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_CONTEXT      2
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_PROCESS      3
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_RECEIVER_NS  4
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_NIL          5
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_TRUE         6
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_FALSE        7
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_INDEX        8
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_NEGINDEX     9
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_RETURN_INSTVAR      10
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_PRIMITIVE           11
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_NAMED_PRIMITIVE     12 /* index is an index to the symbol table */
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_EXCEPTION           13 /* NOTE changing this requires changes in Except.st */
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_ENSURE              14 /* NOTE changing this requires changes in Except.st */

/* the index is an 16-bit unsigned integer. */
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_INDEX_MIN 0x0000
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_INDEX_MAX 0xFFFF
#define MOO_OOI_IN_METHOD_PREAMBLE_INDEX_RANGE(num) ((num) >= MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_INDEX_MIN && (num) <= MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_INDEX_MAX)

/* preamble flags */
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_FLAG_VARIADIC (1 << 0)  /* allows variable arguments. but all named paramenters must be passed in */
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_FLAG_LIBERAL  (1 << 1)  /* not all named parameters need to get passed in */
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_FLAG_DUAL     (1 << 2)
#define MOO_METHOD_PREAMBLE_FLAG_LENIENT  (1 << 3)  /* lenient primitive method - no exception upon failure. return an error instead */



/* [NOTE] if you change the number of instance variables for moo_context_t,
 *        you need to change the defintion of BlockContext and MethodContext.
 *        plus, you need to update various exception handling code in MethodContext */
#define MOO_CONTEXT_NAMED_INSTVARS 8
typedef struct moo_context_t moo_context_t;
typedef struct moo_context_t* moo_oop_context_t;
struct moo_context_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;

	/* it points to the active context at the moment when
	 * this context object has been activated. a new method context
	 * is activated as a result of normal message sending and a block
	 * context is activated when it is sent 'value'. it's set to
	 * nil if a block context created hasn't received 'value'. */
	moo_oop_context_t  sender;

	/* SmallInteger, instruction pointer */
	moo_oop_t          ip;

	/* SmallInteger, stack pointer. the actual stack pointer is in the active
	 * process. For a method context, it stores the stack pointer of the active
	 * process before it gets activated. the stack pointer of the active 
	 * process is restored using this value upon returning. This field is
	 * almost useless for a block context. */
	moo_oop_t          sp;

	/* SmallInteger. Number of temporaries.
	 * For a block context, it's inclusive of the temporaries
	 * defined its 'home'. */
	moo_oop_t          ntmprs;

	/* CompiledMethod for a method context, 
	 * SmallInteger for a block context */
	moo_oop_t          method_or_nargs;

	/* it points to the receiver of the message for a method context.
	 * a base block context(created but not yet activated) has nil in this 
	 * field. if a block context is activated by 'value', it points 
	 * to the block context object used as a base for shallow-copy. */
	moo_oop_t          receiver_or_base;

	/* it is set to nil for a method context.
	 * for a block context, it points to the active context at the 
	 * moment the block context was created. that is, it points to 
	 * a method context where the base block has been defined. 
	 * an activated block context copies this field from the base block context. */
	moo_oop_t          home;

	/* it points to the method context created of the method defining the code
	 * of this context. a method context points to itself. a block context
	 * points to the method context where it is created. another block context
	 * created within the block context also points to the same method context.
	 *   ctx->origin: method context
	 *   ctx->origin->method_or_nargs: actual method containing byte codes pertaining to ctx.
	 * 
	 * when a method context is created, it is set to itself. no change is
	 * made when the method context is activated. when a base block context is 
	 * created (when MAKE_BLOCK is executed), it is set to the
	 * origin of the active context. when the base block context is shallow-copied
	 * for activation (when it is sent 'value'), it is set to the origin of
	 * the base block context. */
	moo_oop_context_t  origin; 

	/* variable indexed part - actual arguments and temporaries are placed here */
	moo_oop_t          stack[1]; /* context stack that stores arguments and temporaries */
};

#define MOO_BLOCK_NAMED_INSTVARS 4
typedef struct moo_block_t moo_block_t;
typedef struct moo_block_t* moo_oop_block_t;
struct moo_block_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oop_t ip; /* smooi. instruction pointer where the byte code begins in home->origin */
	moo_oop_t ntmprs;
	moo_oop_t nargs;
	moo_oop_context_t home; /* home context */
};

#define MOO_PROCESS_NAMED_INSTVARS 13
typedef struct moo_process_t moo_process_t;
typedef struct moo_process_t* moo_oop_process_t;

#define MOO_SEMAPHORE_NAMED_INSTVARS 11
typedef struct moo_semaphore_t moo_semaphore_t;
typedef struct moo_semaphore_t* moo_oop_semaphore_t;

#define MOO_SEMAPHORE_GROUP_NAMED_INSTVARS 8
typedef struct moo_semaphore_group_t moo_semaphore_group_t;
typedef struct moo_semaphore_group_t* moo_oop_semaphore_group_t;

struct moo_process_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oop_context_t initial_context;
	moo_oop_context_t current_context;

	moo_oop_t id;    /* SmallInteger */
	moo_oop_t state; /* SmallInteger */
	moo_oop_t sp;    /* stack pointer. SmallInteger */

	struct
	{
		moo_oop_process_t prev;
		moo_oop_process_t next;
	} ps; /* links to use with the process scheduler */

	struct
	{
		moo_oop_process_t prev;
		moo_oop_process_t next;
	} sem_wait; /* links to use with a semaphore */

	moo_oop_t sem; /* nil, semaphore, or semaphore group */
	moo_oop_t perr; /* last error set by a primitive function */
	moo_oop_t perrmsg;

	moo_oop_t asyncsg;

	/* == variable indexed part == */
	moo_oop_t stack[1]; /* process stack */
};

enum moo_semaphore_subtype_t
{
	MOO_SEMAPHORE_SUBTYPE_TIMED = 0,
	MOO_SEMAPHORE_SUBTYPE_IO    = 1
};
typedef enum moo_semaphore_subtype_t moo_semaphore_subtype_t;

enum moo_semaphore_io_type_t
{
	MOO_SEMAPHORE_IO_TYPE_INPUT   = 0,
	MOO_SEMAPHORE_IO_TYPE_OUTPUT  = 1
};
typedef enum moo_semaphore_io_type_t moo_semaphore_io_type_t;

enum moo_semaphore_io_mask_t
{
	MOO_SEMAPHORE_IO_MASK_INPUT   = (1 << 0),
	MOO_SEMAPHORE_IO_MASK_OUTPUT  = (1 << 1),
	MOO_SEMAPHORE_IO_MASK_HANGUP  = (1 << 2),
	MOO_SEMAPHORE_IO_MASK_ERROR   = (1 << 3)
};
typedef enum moo_semaphore_io_mask_t moo_semaphore_io_mask_t;

struct moo_semaphore_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;

	/* [IMPORTANT] make sure that the position of 'waiting' in moo_semaphore_t
	 *             must be exactly the same as its position in moo_semaphore_group_t */
	struct
	{
		moo_oop_process_t first;
		moo_oop_process_t last;
	} waiting; /* list of processes waiting on this semaphore */
	/* [END IMPORTANT] */

	moo_oop_t count; /* SmallInteger */

	/* nil for normal. SmallInteger if associated with 
	 * timer(MOO_SEMAPHORE_SUBTYPE_TIMED) or IO(MOO_SEMAPHORE_SUBTYPE_IO). */
	moo_oop_t subtype; 

	union
	{
		struct 
		{
			moo_oop_t index; /* index to the heap that stores timed semaphores */
			moo_oop_t ftime_sec; /* firing time */
			moo_oop_t ftime_nsec; /* firing time */
		} timed;

		struct
		{
			moo_oop_t index; /* index to sem_io_tuple */
			moo_oop_t handle;
			moo_oop_t type; /* SmallInteger */
		} io;
	} u;

	moo_oop_t signal_action;

	moo_oop_semaphore_group_t group; /* nil or belonging semaphore group */
	struct
	{
		moo_oop_semaphore_t prev;
		moo_oop_semaphore_t next;
	} grm; /* group membership chain */
};

#define MOO_SEMAPHORE_GROUP_SEMS_UNSIG 0
#define MOO_SEMAPHORE_GROUP_SEMS_SIG   1

struct moo_semaphore_group_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;

	/* [IMPORTANT] make sure that the position of 'waiting' in moo_semaphore_group_t
	 *             must be exactly the same as its position in moo_semaphore_t */
	struct
	{
		moo_oop_process_t first;
		moo_oop_process_t last; 
	} waiting; /* list of processes waiting on this semaphore group */
	/* [END IMPORTANT] */

	struct
	{
		moo_oop_semaphore_t first;
		moo_oop_semaphore_t last;
	} sems[2]; /* sems[0] - unsignaled semaphores, sems[1] - signaled semaphores */

	moo_oop_t sem_io_count; /* the number of io semaphores in the group */
	moo_oop_t sem_count; /* the total number of semaphores in the group */
};

#define MOO_PROCESS_SCHEDULER_NAMED_INSTVARS 8
typedef struct moo_process_scheduler_t moo_process_scheduler_t;
typedef struct moo_process_scheduler_t* moo_oop_process_scheduler_t;
struct moo_process_scheduler_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oop_process_t active; /*  pointer to an active process in the runnable process list */
	moo_oop_t total_count; /* SmallIntger, total number of processes - runnable/running/suspended */

	struct
	{
		moo_oop_t count; /* SmallInteger, the number of runnable/running processes */
		moo_oop_process_t first;
		moo_oop_process_t last;
	} runnable; /* runnable process list */

	struct
	{
		moo_oop_t count; /* SmallInteger - suspended*/
		moo_oop_process_t first;
		moo_oop_process_t last;
	} suspended;
};


#define MOO_FPDEC_NAMED_INSTVARS 2
typedef struct moo_fpdec_t moo_fpdec_t;
typedef struct moo_fpdec_t* moo_oop_fpdec_t;
struct moo_fpdec_t
{
	MOO_OBJ_HEADER;
	moo_oop_t value; /* smooi or bigint */
	moo_oop_t scale; /* smooi, positive */
};

/**
 * The MOO_CLASSOF() macro return the class of an object including a numeric
 * object encoded into a pointer.
 */
#define MOO_CLASSOF(moo,oop) \
	(MOO_OOP_GET_TAG(oop)? (*(moo)->tagged_classes[MOO_OOP_GET_TAG(oop)]): MOO_OBJ_GET_CLASS(oop))

/**
 * The MOO_BYTESOF() macro returns the size of the payload of
 * an object in bytes. If the pointer given encodes a numeric value, 
 * it returns the size of #moo_oow_t in bytes.
 */
#define MOO_BYTESOF(moo,oop) \
	(MOO_OOP_IS_NUMERIC(oop)? MOO_SIZEOF(moo_oow_t): MOO_OBJ_BYTESOF(oop))


/* =========================================================================
 * HEAP
 * ========================================================================= */

typedef struct moo_space_t moo_space_t;

struct moo_space_t
{
	moo_uint8_t* base;  /* start of a heap */
	moo_uint8_t* limit; /* end of a heap */
	moo_uint8_t* ptr;   /* next allocation pointer */
};

typedef struct moo_heap_t moo_heap_t;

struct moo_heap_t
{
	moo_uint8_t* base;
	moo_oow_t    size;

	moo_space_t  permspace;
	moo_space_t  curspace;
	moo_space_t  newspace;
};

typedef struct moo_dbgi_t moo_dbgi_t;
struct moo_dbgi_t
{
	moo_oow_t _capa;
	moo_oow_t _len;
	moo_oow_t _last_file; /* offset to the last file element added */
	moo_oow_t _last_class; /* offset to the last class element added */
	moo_oow_t _last_text; /* offset to the last text element added */
	moo_oow_t _last_method;
	/* actual information is recorded here */
};

enum moo_dbgi_type_t
{
	/* bit 8 to bit 15 */
	MOO_DBGI_TYPE_CODE_FILE    = 0,
	MOO_DBGI_TYPE_CODE_CLASS   = 1,
	MOO_DBGI_TYPE_CODE_TEXT    = 2,
	/* TODO: interface? etc? */
	MOO_DBGI_TYPE_CODE_METHOD  = 3, /* method instruction location information */

	/* low 8 bits */
	MOO_DBGI_TYPE_FLAG_INVALID = (1 << 0)
};
typedef enum moo_dbgi_type_t moo_dbgi_type_t;

#define MOO_DBGI_MAKE_TYPE(code,flags) (((code) << 8) | (flags))
#define MOO_DBGI_GET_TYPE_CODE(type) ((type) >> 8)
#define MOO_DBGI_GET_TYPE_FLAGS(type) ((type) & 0xFF)

#define MOO_DBGI_GET_DATA(moo, offset) ((moo_uint8_t*)(moo)->dbgi + (offset))

typedef struct moo_dbgi_file_t moo_dbgi_file_t;
struct moo_dbgi_file_t
{
	moo_oow_t _type;
	moo_oow_t _len; /* length of this record including the header and the file path payload */
	moo_oow_t _next;
	/* ... file path here ... */
};

typedef struct moo_dbgi_class_t moo_dbgi_class_t;
struct moo_dbgi_class_t
{
	moo_oow_t _type;
	moo_oow_t _len; /* length of this record including the header and the class name payload */
	moo_oow_t _next; /* offset to a previous class */
	moo_oow_t _file;
	moo_oow_t _line;
	/* ... class name here ... */
};

typedef struct moo_dbgi_method_t moo_dbgi_method_t;
struct moo_dbgi_method_t
{
	moo_oow_t _type;
	moo_oow_t _len; /* length of this record including the header and the payload including method name and code line numbers */
	moo_oow_t _next;
	moo_oow_t _file;
	moo_oow_t _class;
	moo_oow_t start_line;
	moo_oow_t code_loc_start; /* start offset from the payload beginning within this record */
	moo_oow_t code_loc_len;
	moo_oow_t text_start;
	moo_oow_t text_len;
	/* ... method name here ... */
	/* ... code line numbers here ... */
};



/* =========================================================================
 * VM LOGGING
 * ========================================================================= */

enum moo_log_mask_t
{
	MOO_LOG_DEBUG      = (1u << 0),
	MOO_LOG_INFO       = (1u << 1),
	MOO_LOG_WARN       = (1u << 2),
	MOO_LOG_ERROR      = (1u << 3),
	MOO_LOG_FATAL      = (1u << 4),

	MOO_LOG_UNTYPED    = (1u << 6), /* only to be used by MOO_DEBUGx() and MOO_INFOx() */
	MOO_LOG_COMPILER   = (1u << 7),
	MOO_LOG_VM         = (1u << 8),
	MOO_LOG_MNEMONIC   = (1u << 9), /* bytecode mnemonic */
	MOO_LOG_GC         = (1u << 10),
	MOO_LOG_IC         = (1u << 11), /* instruction cycle, fetch-decode-execute */
	MOO_LOG_PRIMITIVE  = (1u << 12),
	MOO_LOG_APP        = (1u << 13), /* moo applications, set by moo logging primitive */

	MOO_LOG_ALL_LEVELS = (MOO_LOG_DEBUG  | MOO_LOG_INFO | MOO_LOG_WARN | MOO_LOG_ERROR | MOO_LOG_FATAL),
	MOO_LOG_ALL_TYPES  = (MOO_LOG_UNTYPED | MOO_LOG_COMPILER | MOO_LOG_VM | MOO_LOG_MNEMONIC | MOO_LOG_GC | MOO_LOG_IC | MOO_LOG_PRIMITIVE | MOO_LOG_APP),

	MOO_LOG_STDOUT     = (1u << 14), /* write log messages to stdout without timestamp. MOO_LOG_STDOUT wins over MOO_LOG_STDERR. */
	MOO_LOG_STDERR     = (1u << 15)  /* write log messages to stderr without timestamp. */
};
typedef enum moo_log_mask_t moo_log_mask_t;

/* all bits must be set to get enabled */
#define MOO_LOG_ENABLED(moo,mask) (((moo)->option.log_mask & (mask)) == (mask))

#define MOO_LOG0(moo,mask,fmt) do { if (MOO_LOG_ENABLED(moo,mask)) moo_logbfmt(moo, mask, fmt); } while(0)
#define MOO_LOG1(moo,mask,fmt,a1) do { if (MOO_LOG_ENABLED(moo,mask)) moo_logbfmt(moo, mask, fmt, a1); } while(0)
#define MOO_LOG2(moo,mask,fmt,a1,a2) do { if (MOO_LOG_ENABLED(moo,mask)) moo_logbfmt(moo, mask, fmt, a1, a2); } while(0)
#define MOO_LOG3(moo,mask,fmt,a1,a2,a3) do { if (MOO_LOG_ENABLED(moo,mask)) moo_logbfmt(moo, mask, fmt, a1, a2, a3); } while(0)
#define MOO_LOG4(moo,mask,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4) do { if (MOO_LOG_ENABLED(moo,mask)) moo_logbfmt(moo, mask, fmt, a1, a2, a3, a4); } while(0)
#define MOO_LOG5(moo,mask,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5) do { if (MOO_LOG_ENABLED(moo,mask)) moo_logbfmt(moo, mask, fmt, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5); } while(0)
#define MOO_LOG6(moo,mask,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6) do { if (MOO_LOG_ENABLED(moo,mask)) moo_logbfmt(moo, mask, fmt, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6); } while(0)

#if defined(MOO_BUILD_RELEASE)
	/* [NOTE]
	 *  get rid of debugging message totally regardless of
	 *  the log mask in the release build.
	 */
#	define MOO_DEBUG0(moo,fmt)
#	define MOO_DEBUG1(moo,fmt,a1)
#	define MOO_DEBUG2(moo,fmt,a1,a2)
#	define MOO_DEBUG3(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3)
#	define MOO_DEBUG4(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4)
#	define MOO_DEBUG5(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5)
#	define MOO_DEBUG6(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6)
#else
#	define MOO_DEBUG0(moo,fmt) MOO_LOG0(moo, MOO_LOG_DEBUG | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt)
#	define MOO_DEBUG1(moo,fmt,a1) MOO_LOG1(moo, MOO_LOG_DEBUG | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1)
#	define MOO_DEBUG2(moo,fmt,a1,a2) MOO_LOG2(moo, MOO_LOG_DEBUG | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2)
#	define MOO_DEBUG3(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3) MOO_LOG3(moo, MOO_LOG_DEBUG | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2, a3)
#	define MOO_DEBUG4(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4) MOO_LOG4(moo, MOO_LOG_DEBUG | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2, a3, a4)
#	define MOO_DEBUG5(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5) MOO_LOG5(moo, MOO_LOG_DEBUG | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5)
#	define MOO_DEBUG6(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6) MOO_LOG6(moo, MOO_LOG_DEBUG | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6)
#endif

#define MOO_INFO0(moo,fmt) MOO_LOG0(moo, MOO_LOG_INFO | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt)
#define MOO_INFO1(moo,fmt,a1) MOO_LOG1(moo, MOO_LOG_INFO | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1)
#define MOO_INFO2(moo,fmt,a1,a2) MOO_LOG2(moo, MOO_LOG_INFO | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2)
#define MOO_INFO3(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3) MOO_LOG3(moo, MOO_LOG_INFO | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2, a3)
#define MOO_INFO4(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4) MOO_LOG4(moo, MOO_LOG_INFO | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2, a3, a4)
#define MOO_INFO5(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5) MOO_LOG5(moo, MOO_LOG_INFO | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5)
#define MOO_INFO6(moo,fmt,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6) MOO_LOG6(moo, MOO_LOG_INFO | MOO_LOG_UNTYPED, fmt, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6)


/* =========================================================================
 * VIRTUAL MACHINE PRIMITIVES
 * ========================================================================= */

typedef void* (*moo_alloc_heap_t) (
	moo_t*    moo, 
	moo_oow_t size
);

typedef void (*moo_free_heap_t) (
	moo_t*    moo,
	void*     ptr
);

typedef void (*moo_log_write_t) (
	moo_t*             moo,
	moo_bitmask_t    mask,
	const moo_ooch_t*  msg,
	moo_oow_t          len
);

typedef moo_errnum_t (*moo_syserrstrb_t) (
	moo_t*             moo,
	int                syserr_type,
	int                syserr_code,
	moo_bch_t*         buf,
	moo_oow_t          len
);

typedef moo_errnum_t (*moo_syserrstru_t) (
	moo_t*             moo,
	int                syserr_type,
	int                syserr_code,
	moo_uch_t*         buf,
	moo_oow_t          len
);

typedef void (*moo_assertfail_t) (
	moo_t*             moo,
	const moo_bch_t*   expr,
	const moo_bch_t*   file,
	moo_oow_t          line
);

enum moo_vmprim_dlopen_flag_t
{
	MOO_VMPRIM_DLOPEN_PFMOD = (1 << 0)
};
typedef enum moo_vmprim_dlopen_flag_t moo_vmprim_dlopen_flag_t;

typedef void (*moo_vmprim_dlstartup_t) (
	moo_t*             moo
);

typedef void (*moo_vmprim_dlcleanup_t) (
	moo_t*             moo
);

typedef void* (*moo_vmprim_dlopen_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	const moo_ooch_t*       name,
	int                     flags
);

typedef void (*moo_vmprim_dlclose_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	void*                   handle
);

typedef void* (*moo_vmprimt_dlgetsym_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	void*                   handle,
	const moo_ooch_t*       name
);

typedef int (*moo_vmprim_startup_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo
);

typedef void (*moo_vmprim_cleanup_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo
);

typedef void (*moo_vmprim_gettime_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	moo_ntime_t*            now
);

typedef int (*moo_vmprim_muxadd_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	moo_ooi_t               io_handle,
	moo_ooi_t               masks
);

typedef int (*moo_vmprim_muxmod_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	moo_ooi_t               io_handle,
	moo_ooi_t               masks
);

typedef int (*moo_vmprim_muxdel_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	moo_ooi_t               io_handle
);

typedef void (*moo_vmprim_muxwait_cb_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	moo_ooi_t               io_handle,
	moo_ooi_t               masks
);

typedef void (*moo_vmprim_muxwait_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	const moo_ntime_t*      duration,
	moo_vmprim_muxwait_cb_t muxwcb
);

typedef int (*moo_vmprim_sleep_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	const moo_ntime_t*      duration
);

typedef moo_ooi_t (*moo_vmprim_getsigfd_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo
);

typedef int (*moo_vmprim_getsig_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	moo_uint8_t*            sig
);

typedef int (*moo_vmprim_setsig_t) (
	moo_t*                  moo,
	moo_uint8_t             sig
);

struct moo_vmprim_t
{
	moo_alloc_heap_t       alloc_heap;
	moo_free_heap_t        free_heap;

	moo_log_write_t        log_write;
	moo_syserrstrb_t       syserrstrb;
	moo_syserrstru_t       syserrstru;
	moo_assertfail_t       assertfail;

	moo_vmprim_dlstartup_t dl_startup;
	moo_vmprim_dlcleanup_t dl_cleanup;
	moo_vmprim_dlopen_t    dl_open;
	moo_vmprim_dlclose_t   dl_close;
	moo_vmprimt_dlgetsym_t dl_getsym;

	moo_vmprim_startup_t   vm_startup;
	moo_vmprim_cleanup_t   vm_cleanup;
	moo_vmprim_gettime_t   vm_gettime;
	moo_vmprim_muxadd_t    vm_muxadd;
	moo_vmprim_muxdel_t    vm_muxdel;
	moo_vmprim_muxmod_t    vm_muxmod;
	moo_vmprim_muxwait_t   vm_muxwait;
	moo_vmprim_sleep_t     vm_sleep;

	moo_vmprim_getsigfd_t  vm_getsigfd;
	moo_vmprim_getsig_t    vm_getsig;
	moo_vmprim_setsig_t    vm_setsig;
};

typedef struct moo_vmprim_t moo_vmprim_t;

/* =========================================================================
 * CALLBACK MANIPULATION
 * ========================================================================= */
typedef void (*moo_evtcb_impl_t) (moo_t* moo);

typedef struct moo_evtcb_t moo_evtcb_t;
struct moo_evtcb_t
{
	moo_evtcb_impl_t gc;
	moo_evtcb_impl_t halting;
	moo_evtcb_impl_t fini;

	/* private below */
	moo_evtcb_t*     prev;
	moo_evtcb_t*     next;
};


/* =========================================================================
 * PRIMITIVE FUNCTIONS
 * ========================================================================= */
enum moo_pfrc_t
{
	MOO_PF_HARD_FAILURE = -1,
	MOO_PF_FAILURE      = 0,
	MOO_PF_SUCCESS      = 1
};
typedef enum moo_pfrc_t moo_pfrc_t;

/* primitive function implementation type */
typedef moo_pfrc_t (*moo_pfimpl_t) (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_mod_t* mod,
	moo_ooi_t  nargs
);

typedef struct moo_pfbase_t moo_pfbase_t;
struct moo_pfbase_t
{
	moo_pfimpl_t handler;
	moo_oow_t    minargs;
	moo_oow_t    maxargs;
};


typedef struct moo_pfinfo_t moo_pfinfo_t;
struct moo_pfinfo_t
{
	moo_method_type_t type;
	const moo_bch_t*  name;
	moo_pfbase_t      base;
};

enum moo_pvtype_t
{
	MOO_PV_OOI,
	MOO_PV_OOW
	/* TODO: more types */
};
typedef enum moo_pvtype_t moo_pvtype_t;

struct moo_pvbase_t
{
	moo_pvtype_t type;
	const void*  value;
};
typedef struct moo_pvbase_t moo_pvbase_t;

typedef struct moo_pvinfo_t moo_pvinfo_t;
struct moo_pvinfo_t
{
	const moo_bch_t*  name;
	moo_pvbase_t      base;
};

/* receiver check failure leads to hard failure.
 * RATIONAL: the primitive handler should be used by relevant classes and
 *           objects only. if the receiver check fails, you must review
 *           your class library */
#define MOO_PF_CHECK_RCV(moo,cond) do { \
	if (!(cond)) { moo_seterrnum((moo), MOO_EMSGRCV); return MOO_PF_HARD_FAILURE; } \
} while(0)

/* argument check failure causes the wrapping method to return an error.
 * RATIONAL: Being a typeless language, it's hard to control the kinds of
 *           arguments.
 */
#define MOO_PF_CHECK_ARGS(moo,nargs,cond) do { \
	if (!(cond)) { moo_seterrnum (moo, MOO_EINVAL); return MOO_PF_FAILURE; } \
} while(0)

/* =========================================================================
 * MODULE MANIPULATION
 * ========================================================================= */
#define MOO_MOD_NAME_LEN_MAX 120

enum moo_mod_hint_t
{
	MOO_MOD_LOAD_FOR_IMPORT = (1 << 0)
};
typedef enum moo_mod_hint_t moo_mod_hint_t;

typedef int (*moo_mod_load_t) (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_mod_t* mod
);

typedef int (*moo_mod_import_t) (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_mod_t*       mod,
	moo_oop_class_t  _class
);

typedef moo_pfbase_t* (*moo_mod_querypf_t) (
	moo_t*            moo,
	moo_mod_t*        mod,
	const moo_ooch_t* name,
	moo_oow_t         namelen
);

typedef moo_pvbase_t* (*moo_mod_querypv_t) (
	moo_t*            moo,
	moo_mod_t*        mod,
	const moo_ooch_t* name,
	moo_oow_t         namelen
);

typedef void (*moo_mod_unload_t) (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_mod_t* mod
);

typedef void (*moo_mod_gc_t) (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_mod_t* mod
);

struct moo_mod_t
{
	/* input */
	moo_ooch_t   name[MOO_MOD_NAME_LEN_MAX + 1];
	void*        inctx;
	unsigned int hints; /* bitwised-ORed of moo_mod_hint_t enumerators */

	/* user-defined data */
	moo_mod_import_t  import;
	moo_mod_querypf_t querypf;
	moo_mod_querypv_t querypv;
	moo_mod_unload_t  unload;
	moo_mod_gc_t      gc;
	void*             ctx;
};

struct moo_mod_data_t 
{
	void*           handle;
	moo_rbt_pair_t* pair; /* internal backreference to moo->modtab */
	moo_mod_t       mod;
};
typedef struct moo_mod_data_t moo_mod_data_t;

struct moo_sbuf_t
{
	moo_ooch_t* ptr;
	moo_oow_t   len;
	moo_oow_t   capa;
};
typedef struct moo_sbuf_t moo_sbuf_t;

struct moo_sem_tuple_t
{
	moo_oop_semaphore_t sem[2]; /* [0] input, [1] output */
	moo_ooi_t handle; /* io handle */
	moo_ooi_t mask;
};
typedef struct moo_sem_tuple_t moo_sem_tuple_t;

typedef struct moo_finalizable_t moo_finalizable_t;
struct moo_finalizable_t
{
	moo_oop_t oop;
	moo_finalizable_t* prev;
	moo_finalizable_t* next;
};

/* special callback to be called for trailer */
typedef void (*moo_trgc_t) (moo_t* moo, moo_oop_t obj);


/* =========================================================================
 * MOO METHOD LOOKUP CACHE
 * ========================================================================= */
struct moo_method_cache_item_t
{
	moo_oop_char_t selector;
	moo_oop_class_t receiver_class;
	moo_oop_method_t method;
	/*int method_type;
	moo_oop_class_t method_class;*/
};
typedef struct moo_method_cache_item_t moo_method_cache_item_t;

/* it must be a power of 2. otherwise cache hash will fail miserably */
#define MOO_METHOD_CACHE_SIZE 4096

/* =========================================================================
 * MOO VM
 * ========================================================================= */
#if defined(MOO_INCLUDE_COMPILER)
typedef struct moo_compiler_t moo_compiler_t;
#endif

#define MOO_ERRMSG_CAPA (2048)
#define MOO_IOBUF_CAPA (2048)

enum moo_sbuf_id_t
{
	MOO_SBUF_ID_TMP = 0,
	MOO_SBUF_ID_SYNERR,
	MOO_SBUF_ID_FPDEC,
	/* more? */
	MOO_SBUF_COUNT
};
typedef enum moo_sbuf_id_t moo_sbuf_id_t;

struct moo_errinf_t
{
	moo_errnum_t num;
	moo_ooch_t msg[MOO_ERRMSG_CAPA];
};
typedef struct moo_errinf_t moo_errinf_t;

struct moo_t
{
	moo_oow_t    _instsize;
	moo_mmgr_t*  _mmgr;
	moo_cmgr_t*  _cmgr;
	moo_errnum_t errnum;
	struct
	{
		union
		{
			moo_ooch_t ooch[MOO_ERRMSG_CAPA];
			moo_bch_t bch[MOO_ERRMSG_CAPA];
			moo_uch_t uch[MOO_ERRMSG_CAPA];
		} tmpbuf;
		moo_ooch_t buf[MOO_ERRMSG_CAPA];
		moo_oow_t len;
	} errmsg;

	int shuterr;
	int igniting;

	struct
	{
		moo_bitmask_t trait;
		moo_bitmask_t log_mask;
		moo_oow_t log_maxcapa;
		moo_oow_t dfl_symtab_size;
		moo_oow_t dfl_sysdic_size;
		moo_oow_t dfl_procstk_size; 

		void* mod_inctx;

	#if defined(MOO_BUILD_DEBUG)
		/* set automatically when trait is set */
		moo_oow_t karatsuba_cutoff; 
	#endif
	} option;

	moo_vmprim_t vmprim;

	moo_evtcb_t* evtcb_list;
	moo_rbt_t modtab; /* primitive module table */

	struct
	{
		moo_ooch_t* ptr;
		moo_oow_t len;
		moo_oow_t capa;
		moo_bitmask_t last_mask;
		moo_bitmask_t default_type_mask;
	} log;

	/* ========================= */

	moo_heap_t* heap;
	moo_dbgi_t* dbgi;

	/* =============================================================
	 * nil, true, false
	 * ============================================================= */
	moo_oop_t _nil;  /* pointer to the nil object */
	moo_oop_t _true;
	moo_oop_t _false;

	/* =============================================================
	 * KERNEL CLASSES 
	 *  Be sure to Keep these kernel class pointers registered in the 
	 *  kernel_classes table in gc.c
	 * ============================================================= */
	moo_oop_class_t _apex; /* Apex */
	moo_oop_class_t _undefined_object; /* UndefinedObject */
	moo_oop_class_t _class; /* Class */
	moo_oop_class_t _interface; /* Interface */
	moo_oop_class_t _object; /* Object */

	moo_oop_class_t _string; /* String */
	moo_oop_class_t _symbol; /* Symbol */
	moo_oop_class_t _array; /* Array */
	moo_oop_class_t _byte_array; /* ByteArray */
	moo_oop_class_t _symbol_table; /* SymbolTable */
	moo_oop_class_t _dictionary;
	moo_oop_class_t _association; /* Association */

	moo_oop_class_t _namespace; /* Namespace */
	moo_oop_class_t _pool_dictionary; /* PoolDictionary */
	moo_oop_class_t _method_dictionary; /* MethodDictionary */
	moo_oop_class_t _method; /* CompiledMethod */
	moo_oop_class_t _methsig; /* MethodSignature */
	moo_oop_class_t _block; /* CompiledBlock */

	moo_oop_class_t _method_context; /* MethodContext */
	moo_oop_class_t _block_context; /* BlockContext */
	moo_oop_class_t _process; /* Process */
	moo_oop_class_t _semaphore; /* Semaphore */
	moo_oop_class_t _semaphore_group; /* SemaphoreGroup */
	moo_oop_class_t _process_scheduler; /* ProcessScheduler */

	moo_oop_class_t _error_class; /* Error */
	moo_oop_class_t _true_class; /* True */
	moo_oop_class_t _false_class; /* False */
	moo_oop_class_t _character; /* Character */
	moo_oop_class_t _small_integer; /* SmallInteger */

	moo_oop_class_t _large_positive_integer; /* LargePositiveInteger */
	moo_oop_class_t _large_negative_integer; /* LargeNegativeInteger */
	moo_oop_class_t _fixed_point_decimal; /* FixedPointDecimal */

	moo_oop_class_t _small_pointer;
	moo_oop_class_t _large_pointer;
	moo_oop_class_t _system;
	/* =============================================================
	 * END KERNEL CLASSES 
	 * ============================================================= */

	/* =============================================================
	 * KEY SYSTEM DICTIONARIES
	 * ============================================================= */
	/* 2 tag bits(lo) + 2 extended tag bits(hi). not all slots are used
	 * because the 2 high extended bits are used only if the low tag bits
	 * are 3 */
	moo_oop_class_t* tagged_classes[16]; 

	moo_oop_dic_t symtab; /* system-wide symbol table. instance of SymbolSet */
	moo_oop_nsdic_t sysdic; /* system dictionary. instance of Namespace */
	moo_oop_process_scheduler_t processor; /* instance of ProcessScheduler */
	moo_oop_process_t nil_process; /* instance of Process */
	moo_oop_char_t dicnewsym; /* symbol new: for dictionary */
	moo_oop_char_t dicputassocsym; /* symbol put_assoc: for dictionary */
	moo_oop_char_t does_not_understand_sym; /* symbol doesNotUnderstand: */
	moo_oop_char_t primitive_failed_sym; /* symbol primitiveFailed */
	moo_oop_char_t unwindto_return_sym; /* symbol unwindTo:return: */

	/* pending asynchronous semaphores */
	moo_oop_semaphore_t* sem_list;
	moo_oow_t sem_list_count;
	moo_oow_t sem_list_capa;

	/* semaphores sorted according to time-out. 
	 * organize entries using heap as the earliest entry
	 * needs to be checked first */
	moo_oop_semaphore_t* sem_heap;
	moo_oow_t sem_heap_count;
	moo_oow_t sem_heap_capa;

	/* semaphores for I/O handling. plain array */
	/*moo_oop_semaphore_t* sem_io;*/
	moo_sem_tuple_t* sem_io_tuple;
	moo_oow_t sem_io_tuple_count;
	moo_oow_t sem_io_tuple_capa;

	moo_oow_t sem_io_count;
	moo_oow_t sem_io_wait_count; /* number of processes waiting on an IO semaphore */

	moo_ooi_t* sem_io_map;
	moo_oow_t sem_io_map_capa;

	/* semaphore to notify finalizable objects */
	moo_oop_semaphore_t sem_gcfin;
	int sem_gcfin_sigreq;

	moo_oop_t* volat_stack[256]; /* stack for temporaries */
	moo_oow_t volat_count;

	moo_oop_t* proc_map;
	moo_oow_t proc_map_capa;
	moo_oow_t proc_map_used;
	moo_ooi_t proc_map_free_first;
	moo_ooi_t proc_map_free_last;

	/* =============================================================
	 * EXECUTION REGISTERS
	 * ============================================================= */
	moo_oop_context_t initial_context; /* fake initial context */
	moo_oop_context_t active_context;
	moo_oop_method_t active_method;
	moo_oob_t* active_code;
	moo_ooi_t sp;
	moo_ooi_t ip;
	int no_proc_switch; /* process switching disabled */
	int proc_switched; /* TODO: this is temporary. implement something else to skip immediate context switching */
	int switch_proc;
	int abort_req;
	moo_ntime_t exec_start_time;
	moo_ntime_t exec_end_time;
	/* =============================================================
	 * END EXECUTION REGISTERS
	 * ============================================================= */

	/* == BIGINT CONVERSION == */
	struct
	{
		int safe_ndigits;
		moo_oow_t multiplier;
	} bigint[37];

	struct
	{
		struct
		{
			moo_ooch_t* ptr;
			moo_oow_t capa;
			moo_oow_t len;
		} xbuf;
		struct
		{
			moo_liw_t* ptr;
			moo_oow_t capa;
		} t;
	} inttostr;
	/* == END BIGINT CONVERSION == */

	struct
	{
		struct
		{
			moo_ooch_t* ptr;
			moo_oow_t capa;
			moo_oow_t len;
		} xbuf; /* buffer to support sprintf */
	} sprintf;

	moo_sbuf_t sbuf[MOO_SBUF_COUNT];

	struct
	{
		moo_finalizable_t* first;
		moo_finalizable_t* last;
	} collectable;

	struct
	{
		moo_finalizable_t* first;
		moo_finalizable_t* last;
	} finalizable;

	moo_method_cache_item_t method_cache[2][MOO_METHOD_CACHE_SIZE];

	moo_ooi_t last_inst_pointer;
	struct 
	{
		moo_oow_t method_cache_hits;
		moo_oow_t method_cache_misses;
		moo_oow_t message_sends;
		moo_uintmax_t inst_counter;
	} stat;

#if defined(MOO_ENABLE_GC_MARK_SWEEP)
	moo_gchdr_t* gch;
#endif

#if defined(MOO_INCLUDE_COMPILER)
	moo_compiler_t* c;
#endif
};

/* TODO: proper stack bound check when pushing */
/*MOO_ASSERT (moo, (moo)->sp < (moo_ooi_t)(MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE((moo)->processor->active) - MOO_PROCESS_NAMED_INSTVARS)); */
#define MOO_STACK_PUSH(moo,v) \
	do { \
		(moo)->sp = (moo)->sp + 1; \
		if ((moo)->sp >= (moo_ooi_t)(MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE((moo)->processor->active) - MOO_PROCESS_NAMED_INSTVARS)) \
		{ \
			moo_seterrbfmt (moo, MOO_EOOMEM, "process stack overflow"); \
			(moo)->abort_req = -1; \
		} \
		else \
		{ \
			MOO_STORE_OOP (moo, &(moo)->processor->active->stack[(moo)->sp], v); \
		} \
	} while(0)

#define MOO_STACK_GET(moo,v_sp) ((moo)->processor->active->stack[v_sp])

#define MOO_STACK_SET(moo,v_sp,v_obj) \
	do { \
		MOO_ASSERT (moo, (v_sp) < (moo_ooi_t)(MOO_OBJ_GET_SIZE((moo)->processor->active) - MOO_PROCESS_NAMED_INSTVARS)); \
		MOO_STORE_OOP (moo, &(moo)->processor->active->stack[v_sp], v_obj); \
	} while(0)

#define MOO_STACK_GETTOP(moo) MOO_STACK_GET(moo, (moo)->sp)
#define MOO_STACK_SETTOP(moo,v_obj) MOO_STACK_SET(moo, (moo)->sp, v_obj)

#define MOO_STACK_POP(moo) ((moo)->sp = (moo)->sp - 1)
#define MOO_STACK_POPS(moo,count) ((moo)->sp = (moo)->sp - (count))
#define MOO_STACK_ISEMPTY(moo) ((moo)->sp <= -1)

/* get the stack pointer of the argument at the given index */
#define MOO_STACK_GETARGSP(moo,nargs,idx) ((moo)->sp - ((nargs) - (idx) - 1))
/* get the argument at the given index */
#define MOO_STACK_GETARG(moo,nargs,idx) MOO_STACK_GET(moo, (moo)->sp - ((nargs) - (idx) - 1))
/* get the receiver of a message */
#define MOO_STACK_GETRCV(moo,nargs) MOO_STACK_GET(moo, (moo)->sp - nargs)

/* you can't access arguments and receiver after these macros. 
 * also you must not call this macro more than once */
#define MOO_STACK_SETRET(moo,nargs,retv) \
	do { \
		MOO_STACK_POPS(moo, nargs); \
		MOO_STACK_SETTOP(moo, (retv)); \
	} while(0)
#define MOO_STACK_SETRETTORCV(moo,nargs) (MOO_STACK_POPS(moo, nargs))
#define MOO_STACK_SETRETTOERRNUM(moo,nargs) MOO_STACK_SETRET(moo, nargs, MOO_ERROR_TO_OOP(moo->errnum))
#define MOO_STACK_SETRETTOERROR(moo,nargs,ec) MOO_STACK_SETRET(moo, nargs, MOO_ERROR_TO_OOP(ec))

/* =========================================================================
 * MOO ASSERTION
 * ========================================================================= */
#if defined(MOO_BUILD_RELEASE)
#	define MOO_ASSERT(moo,expr) ((void)0)
#else
#	define MOO_ASSERT(moo,expr) ((void)((expr) || ((moo)->vmprim.assertfail(moo, #expr, __FILE__, __LINE__), 0)))
#endif

#if defined(MOO_INCLUDE_COMPILER)
enum moo_iocmd_t
{
	MOO_IO_OPEN,
	MOO_IO_CLOSE,
	MOO_IO_READ
};
typedef enum moo_iocmd_t moo_iocmd_t;

struct moo_ioloc_t
{
	moo_oow_t line; /**< line */
	moo_oow_t colm; /**< column */
	const moo_ooch_t* file; /**< file specified in #include */
};
typedef struct moo_ioloc_t moo_ioloc_t;


struct moo_iolxc_t
{
	moo_ooci_t   c; /**< character */
	moo_ioloc_t  l; /**< location */
};
typedef struct moo_iolxc_t moo_iolxc_t;

/*
enum moo_ioarg_flag_t
{
	MOO_IO_INCLUDED = (1 << 0)
};
typedef enum moo_ioarg_flag_t moo_ioarg_flag_t; */

typedef struct moo_ioarg_t moo_ioarg_t;
struct moo_ioarg_t
{
	/** 
	 * [IN] I/O object name.
	 * It is #MOO_NULL for the main stream and points to a non-NULL string
	 * for an included stream.
	 */
	const moo_ooch_t* name;

	/** 
	 * [OUT] I/O handle set by an open handler. 
	 * [IN] I/O handle referenced in read and close handler.
	 * The source stream handler can set this field when it opens a stream.
	 * All subsequent operations on the stream see this field as set
	 * during opening.
	 */
	void* handle;

	/**
	 * [OUT] place data here 
	 */
	moo_ooch_t buf[MOO_IOBUF_CAPA];

	/**
	 * [IN] points to the data of the includer. It is #MOO_NULL for the
	 * main stream.
	 */
	moo_ioarg_t* includer;

	/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
	/*----------- from here down, internal use only -------------------*/
	struct
	{
		int pos, len, state;
	} b;

	moo_oow_t   line;
	moo_oow_t   colm;
	moo_ooci_t  nl;

	moo_iolxc_t lxc;
	/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
};


typedef moo_ooi_t (*moo_ioimpl_t) (
	moo_t*       moo,
	moo_iocmd_t  cmd,
	moo_ioarg_t* arg
);

enum moo_synerrnum_t
{
	MOO_SYNERR_NOERR,
	MOO_SYNERR_ILCHR,           /* illegal character */
	MOO_SYNERR_CMTNC,           /* comment not closed */
	MOO_SYNERR_STRNC,           /* string not closed */
	MOO_SYNERR_CLTNT,           /* character literal not terminated */
	MOO_SYNERR_HLTNT,           /* hashed literal not terminated - no valid character after #*/
	MOO_SYNERR_HBSLPINVAL,      /* invalid hash-backslahed literal prefix - no valid character after #\ */
	MOO_SYNERR_CHARLITINVAL,    /* wrong character literal */
	MOO_SYNERR_COLON,           /* : expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_STRING,          /* string expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_RADIXINVAL,      /* invalid radix */
	MOO_SYNERR_RADINTLITINVAL,  /* invalid integer literal with radix */
	MOO_SYNERR_FPDECSCALEINVAL, /* invalid fixed-point decimal scale */
	MOO_SYNERR_FPDECLITINVAL,   /* invalid fixed-point decimal literal */
	MOO_SYNERR_BYTERANGE,       /* byte too small or too large */
	MOO_SYNERR_ERRLITINVAL,     /* wrong error literal */
	MOO_SYNERR_SMPTRLITINVAL,   /* wrong smptr literal */
	MOO_SYNERR_LBRACE,          /* { expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_RBRACE,          /* } expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_LPAREN,          /* ( expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_RPAREN,          /* ) expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_RBRACK,          /* ] expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_PERIOD,          /* . expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_COMMA,           /* , expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_VBAR,            /* | expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_GT,              /* > expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_ASSIGN,          /* := expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_IDENT,           /* identifier expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_INTEGER,         /* integer expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_PRIMITIVE,       /* primitive: expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_DIRECTIVEINVAL,  /* wrong directive */
	MOO_SYNERR_NAMEINVAL,       /* wrong name */
	MOO_SYNERR_NAMEDUPL,        /* duplicate name */
	MOO_SYNERR_NAMEUNDEF,       /* undefined name */
	MOO_SYNERR_CLASSCONTRA,     /* contradictory class */
	MOO_SYNERR_CLASSNCIFCE,     /* class not conforming to interface */
	MOO_SYNERR_NPINSTSIZEINVAL, /* invalid non-pointer instance size */
	MOO_SYNERR_INHERITBANNED,   /* prohibited inheritance */
	MOO_SYNERR_VARDCLBANNED,    /* variable declaration not allowed */
	MOO_SYNERR_MODIFIER,        /* modifier expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_MODIFIERINVAL,   /* wrong modifier */
	MOO_SYNERR_MODIFIERBANNED,  /* modifier not allowed */
	MOO_SYNERR_MODIFIERDUPL,    /* duplicate modifier */
	MOO_SYNERR_MTHNAME,         /* method name expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_MTHNAMEDUPL,     /* duplicate method name */
	MOO_SYNERR_VARIADMTHINVAL,  /* invalid variadic method definition */
	MOO_SYNERR_VARNAME,         /* variable name expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_ARGNAMEDUPL,     /* duplicate argument name */
	MOO_SYNERR_TMPRNAMEDUPL,    /* duplicate temporary variable name */
	MOO_SYNERR_VARNAMEDUPL,     /* duplicate variable name */
	MOO_SYNERR_BLKARGNAMEDUPL,  /* duplicate block argument name */
	MOO_SYNERR_VARUNDCL,        /* undeclared variable */
	MOO_SYNERR_VARUNUSE,        /* unsuable variable in compiled code */
	MOO_SYNERR_VARINACC,        /* inaccessible variable - e.g. accessing an instance variable from a class method is not allowed. */
	MOO_SYNERR_VARAMBIG,        /* ambiguious variable - e.g. the variable is found in multiple pool dictionaries imported */
	MOO_SYNERR_VARFLOOD,        /* too many instance/class variables */
	MOO_SYNERR_SUPERINACC,      /* inaccessible super */
	MOO_SYNERR_PRIMARYINVAL,    /* wrong expression primary */
	MOO_SYNERR_TMPRFLOOD,       /* too many temporaries */
	MOO_SYNERR_ARGFLOOD,        /* too many arguments */
	MOO_SYNERR_BLKTMPRFLOOD,    /* too many block temporaries */
	MOO_SYNERR_BLKARGFLOOD,     /* too many block arguments */
	MOO_SYNERR_ARREXPFLOOD,     /* too large array expression */
	MOO_SYNERR_INSTFLOOD,       /* instruction too large */
	MOO_SYNERR_PFNUMINVAL,      /* wrong primitive function number */
	MOO_SYNERR_PFIDINVAL,       /* wrong primitive function identifier */
	MOO_SYNERR_PFARGDEFINVAL,   /* wrong primitive function argument definition */
	MOO_SYNERR_PVIDINVAL,       /* wrong primitive value identifier */
	MOO_SYNERR_PVIMPBANNED,     /* primitive value load from module not allowed */
	MOO_SYNERR_MODIMPFAIL,      /* failed to import module */
	MOO_SYNERR_INCLUDE,         /* #include error */
	MOO_SYNERR_PRAGMAINVAL,     /* wrong pragma name */
	MOO_SYNERR_NAMESPACEINVAL,  /* wrong namespace name */
	MOO_SYNERR_PDIMPINVAL,      /* wrong pooldic import name */
	MOO_SYNERR_PDIMPDUPL,       /* duplicate pooldic import name */
	MOO_SYNERR_LITERAL,         /* literal expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_NOTINLOOP,       /* break or continue not within a loop */
	MOO_SYNERR_INBLOCK,         /* break or continue within a block */
	MOO_SYNERR_WHILE,           /* while expected */
	MOO_SYNERR_GOTOTARGETINVAL, /* invalid goto target */
	MOO_SYNERR_LABELATEND       /* label at the end without following statement */
};
typedef enum moo_synerrnum_t moo_synerrnum_t;

struct moo_synerr_t
{
	moo_synerrnum_t num;
	moo_ioloc_t     loc;
	moo_oocs_t      tgt;
};
typedef struct moo_synerr_t moo_synerr_t;
#endif

#if defined(__cplusplus)
extern "C" {
#endif

#if defined(MOO_HAVE_INLINE)
static MOO_INLINE void MOO_STORE_OOP (moo_t* moo, moo_oop_t* rcvaddr, moo_oop_t val) { *rcvaddr = val; }
#else
#	define MOO_STORE_OOP(moo,rcvaddr,val) (*(rcvaddr) = val)
#endif

MOO_EXPORT moo_t* moo_open (
	moo_mmgr_t*         mmgr,
	moo_oow_t           xtnsize,
	moo_cmgr_t*         cmgr,
	const moo_vmprim_t* vmprim,
	moo_errinf_t*       errinfo
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_close (
	moo_t* moo
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_init (
	moo_t*              moo,
	moo_mmgr_t*         mmgr,
	moo_cmgr_t*         cmgr,
	const moo_vmprim_t* vmprim
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_fini (
	moo_t* moo
);

#if defined(MOO_HAVE_INLINE)
static MOO_INLINE void* moo_getxtn (moo_t* moo) { return (void*)((moo_uint8_t*)moo + moo->_instsize); }
static MOO_INLINE moo_mmgr_t* moo_getmmgr (moo_t* moo) { return moo->_mmgr; }
static MOO_INLINE moo_cmgr_t* moo_getcmgr (moo_t* moo) { return moo->_cmgr; }
static MOO_INLINE void moo_setcmgr (moo_t* moo, moo_cmgr_t* cmgr) { moo->_cmgr = cmgr; }
static MOO_INLINE moo_errnum_t moo_geterrnum (moo_t* moo) { return moo->errnum; }
#else
#	define moo_getxtn(moo) ((void*)((moo_uint8_t*)moo + ((moo_t*)moo)->_instsize))
#	define moo_getmmgr(moo) (((moo_t*)(moo))->_mmgr)
#	define moo_getcmgr(moo) (((moo_t*)(moo))->_cmgr)
#	define moo_setcmgr(moo,cmgr) (((moo_t*)(moo))->_cmgr = (cmgr))
#	define moo_geterrnum(moo) (((moo_t*)(moo))->errnum)
#endif

MOO_EXPORT void moo_seterrnum (
	moo_t*       moo, 
	moo_errnum_t errnum
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_seterrwithsyserr (
	moo_t* moo,
	int    syserr_type,
	int    syserr_code
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_seterrbfmt (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_errnum_t     errnum,
	const moo_bch_t* fmt,
	...
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_seterrufmt (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_errnum_t     errnum,
	const moo_uch_t* fmt,
	...
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_seterrbfmtwithsyserr (
	moo_t*           moo,
	int              syserr_type,
	int              syserr_code,
	const moo_bch_t* fmt,
	...
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_seterrufmtwithsyserr (
	moo_t*           moo,
	int              syserr_type,
	int              syserr_code,
	const moo_uch_t* fmt,
	...
);

MOO_EXPORT const moo_ooch_t* moo_geterrstr (
	moo_t* moo
);

MOO_EXPORT const moo_ooch_t* moo_geterrmsg (
	moo_t* moo
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_geterrinf (
	moo_t*        moo,
	moo_errinf_t* info
);

MOO_EXPORT const moo_ooch_t* moo_backuperrmsg (
	moo_t* moo
);

/**
 * The moo_getoption() function gets the value of an option
 * specified by \a id into the buffer pointed to by \a value.
 *
 * \return 0 on success, -1 on failure
 */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_getoption (
	moo_t*        moo,
	moo_option_t  id,
	void*         value
);

/**
 * The moo_setoption() function sets the value of an option 
 * specified by \a id to the value pointed to by \a value.
 *
 * \return 0 on success, -1 on failure
 */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_setoption (
	moo_t*       moo,
	moo_option_t id,
	const void*  value
);


MOO_EXPORT moo_evtcb_t* moo_regevtcb (
	moo_t*       moo,
	moo_evtcb_t* cb
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_deregevtcb (
	moo_t*       moo,
	moo_evtcb_t* cb
);

/**
 * The moo_gc() function performs garbage collection.
 * It is not affected by #MOO_TRAIT_NOGC.
 */
MOO_EXPORT void moo_gc (
	moo_t* moo
);


/**
 * The moo_moveoop() function moves an object and returns an updated pointer
 * after having moved. it must be called in the GC callback context only.
 */
MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_moveoop (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_oop_t  oop
);

/**
 * The moo_instantiate() function creates a new object instance of the class 
 * \a _class. The size of the fixed part is taken from the information
 * contained in the class defintion. The \a vlen parameter specifies the length
 * of the variable part. The \a vptr parameter points to the memory area to
 * copy into the variable part of the new object. If \a vptr is #MOO_NULL,
 * the variable part is initialized to 0 or an equivalent value depending
 * on the type. \a vptr is not used when the new instance is of the 
 * #MOO_OBJ_TYPE_OOP type.
 * 
 */
MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_instantiate (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_oop_class_t  _class,
	const void*      vptr,
	moo_oow_t        vlen
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_instantiatewithtrailer (
	moo_t*           moo, 
	moo_oop_class_t  _class,
	moo_oow_t        vlen,
	const moo_oob_t* trptr,
	moo_oow_t        trlen
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_shallowcopy (
	moo_t*          moo,
	moo_oop_t       oop
);

/**
 * The moo_ignite() function creates key initial objects.
 */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_ignite (
	moo_t*    moo,
	moo_oow_t memsize
);

/**
 * The moo_execute() function executes an activated context.
 */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_execute (
	moo_t* moo
);

/**
 * The moo_invoke() function sends a message named \a mthname to an object
 * named \a objname.
 */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_invoke (
	moo_t*            moo,
	const moo_oocs_t* objname,
	const moo_oocs_t* mthname
);


/**
 * The moo_abort() function requests to stop on-going execution. 
 * On-going execution doesn't get terminated immediately when this function
 * returns. Termination of execution is honored by the virtual machine.
 * If the virtual machine is in a blocking context, termination will only
 * occur after it gets out of the blocking context.
 */
MOO_EXPORT void moo_abort (
	moo_t* moo
);

#if defined(MOO_HAVE_INLINE)
static MOO_INLINE void moo_switchprocess(moo_t* moo) { moo->switch_proc = 1; }
#else
#	define moo_switchprocess(moo) ((moo)->switch_proc = 1)
#endif

/* =========================================================================
 * DEBUG SUPPORT
 * ========================================================================= */

MOO_EXPORT int moo_initdbgi (
	moo_t*    moo,
	moo_oow_t init_capa
);

/**
 * The moo_finidbgi() function deletes the debug information.
 * It is called by moo_close(). Unless you want the debug information to
 * be deleted earlier, you need not call this function explicitly.
 */
MOO_EXPORT void moo_finidbgi (
	moo_t* moo
);

/* =========================================================================
 * COMMON OBJECT MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
 * ========================================================================= */
MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_makesymbol (
	moo_t*             moo,
	const moo_ooch_t*  ptr,
	moo_oow_t          len
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_makestringwithuchars (
	moo_t*            moo, 
	const moo_uch_t*  ptr, 
	moo_oow_t         len
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_makestringwithbchars (
	moo_t*            moo, 
	const moo_bch_t*  ptr, 
	moo_oow_t         len
);

#if defined(MOO_OOCH_IS_UCH)
#	define moo_makestring(moo,ptr,len) moo_makestringwithuchars(moo,ptr,len)
#else
#	define moo_makestring(moo,ptr,len) moo_makestringwithbchars(moo,ptr,len)
#endif


#if (MOO_SIZEOF_UINTMAX_T == MOO_SIZEOF_OOW_T)
#	define moo_inttouintmax_noseterr moo_inttooow_noseterr
#	define moo_inttouintmax moo_inttooow
#	define moo_inttointmax_noseterr moo_inttoooi_noseterr
#	define moo_inttointmax moo_inttoooi
#	define moo_uintmaxtoint moo_oowtoint
#	define moo_intmaxtoint moo_ooitoint
#else


MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_oowtoint (
	moo_t*    moo,
	moo_oow_t w
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_ooitoint (
	moo_t*    moo,
	moo_ooi_t i
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_inttooow_noseterr (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_oop_t  x,
	moo_oow_t* w
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_inttooow (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_oop_t  x,
	moo_oow_t* w
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_inttoooi_noseterr (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_oop_t  x,
	moo_ooi_t* i
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_inttoooi (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_oop_t  x,
	moo_ooi_t* i
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_intmaxtoint (
	moo_t*       moo,
	moo_intmax_t i
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_uintmaxtoint (
	moo_t*        moo,
	moo_uintmax_t i
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_inttouintmax_noseterr (
	moo_t*         moo,
	moo_oop_t      x,
	moo_uintmax_t* w
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_inttouintmax (
	moo_t*         moo,
	moo_oop_t      x,
	moo_uintmax_t* w
);


MOO_EXPORT int moo_inttointmax_noseterr (
	moo_t*        moo,
	moo_oop_t     x,
	moo_intmax_t* i
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_inttointmax (
	moo_t*        moo,
	moo_oop_t     x,
	moo_intmax_t* i
);
#endif

MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_oowtoptr (
	moo_t*    moo,
	moo_oow_t num
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_ptrtooow (
	moo_t*      moo,
	moo_oop_t   ptr,
	moo_oow_t*  num
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_oop_t moo_findclass (
	moo_t*            moo,
	moo_oop_nsdic_t   nsdic,
	const moo_ooch_t* name
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_iskindof (
	moo_t*          moo,
	moo_oop_t       obj,
	moo_oop_class_t _class
);

/* check if c is a child class of k */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_ischildclassof (
	moo_t*          moo,
	moo_oop_class_t c,
	moo_oop_class_t k
);

/* =========================================================================
 * TRAILER MANAGEMENT
 * ========================================================================= */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_setclasstrsize (
	moo_t*          moo,
	moo_oop_class_t _class,
	moo_oow_t       size,
	moo_trgc_t      trgc
);

MOO_EXPORT void* moo_getobjtrailer (
	moo_t*      moo,
	moo_oop_t   obj,
	moo_oow_t*  size
);

/* =========================================================================
 * VOLATILE OOP MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
 * ========================================================================= */
MOO_EXPORT void moo_pushvolat (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_oop_t* oop_ptr
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_popvolat (
	moo_t*     moo
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_popvolats (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_oow_t  count
);

/* =========================================================================
 * SYSTEM MEMORY MANAGEMENT FUCNTIONS VIA MMGR
 * ========================================================================= */
MOO_EXPORT void* moo_allocmem (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_oow_t  size
);

MOO_EXPORT void* moo_callocmem (
	moo_t*     moo,
	moo_oow_t  size
);

MOO_EXPORT void* moo_reallocmem (
	moo_t*      moo,
	void*       ptr,
	moo_oow_t   size
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_freemem (
	moo_t*  moo,
	void*   ptr
);

/* =========================================================================
 * PRIMITIVE METHOD MANIPULATION
 * ========================================================================= */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_genpfmethod (
	moo_t*            moo,
	moo_mod_t*        mod,
	moo_oop_class_t   _class,
	moo_method_type_t type,
	const moo_ooch_t* mthname,
	int               variadic,
	const moo_ooch_t* name
);

/*
MOO_EXPORT int moo_genpfmethods (
	moo_t*              moo,
	moo_mod_t*          mod,
	moo_oop_class_t     _class,
	const moo_pfinfo_t* pfinfo,
	moo_oow_t           pfcount
);
*/

MOO_EXPORT moo_pfbase_t* moo_findpfbase (
	moo_t*              moo,
	moo_pfinfo_t*       pfinfo,
	moo_oow_t           pfcount,
	const moo_ooch_t*   name,
	moo_oow_t           namelen
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_pvbase_t* moo_findpvbase (
	moo_t*              moo,
	moo_pvinfo_t*       pvinfo,
	moo_oow_t           pvcount,
	const moo_ooch_t*   name,
	moo_oow_t           namelen
);

/* =========================================================================
 * STRING ENCODING CONVERSION
 * ========================================================================= */

#if defined(MOO_OOCH_IS_UCH)
#	define moo_convootobchars(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcs,bcslen) moo_convutobchars(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcs,bcslen)
#	define moo_convbtooochars(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocs,oocslen) moo_convbtouchars(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocs,oocslen)
#	define moo_convootobcstr(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcs,bcslen) moo_convutobcstr(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcs,bcslen)
#	define moo_convbtooocstr(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocs,oocslen) moo_convbtoucstr(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocs,oocslen)
#else
#	define moo_convootouchars(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcs,bcslen) moo_convbtouchars(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcs,bcslen)
#	define moo_convutooochars(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocs,oocslen) moo_convutobchars(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocs,oocslen)
#	define moo_convootoucstr(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcs,bcslen) moo_convbtoucstr(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcs,bcslen)
#	define moo_convutooocstr(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocs,oocslen) moo_convutobcstr(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocs,oocslen)
#endif

MOO_EXPORT int moo_convbtouchars (
	moo_t*           moo,
	const moo_bch_t* bcs,
	moo_oow_t*       bcslen,
	moo_uch_t*       ucs,
	moo_oow_t*       ucslen
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_convutobchars (
	moo_t*           moo,
	const moo_uch_t* ucs,
	moo_oow_t*       ucslen,
	moo_bch_t*       bcs,
	moo_oow_t*       bcslen
);


/**
 * The moo_convbtoucstr() function converts a null-terminated byte string 
 * to a wide string.
 */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_convbtoucstr (
	moo_t*           moo,
	const moo_bch_t* bcs,
	moo_oow_t*       bcslen,
	moo_uch_t*       ucs,
	moo_oow_t*       ucslen
);


/**
 * The moo_convutobcstr() function converts a null-terminated wide string
 * to a byte string.
 */
MOO_EXPORT int moo_convutobcstr (
	moo_t*           moo,
	const moo_uch_t* ucs,
	moo_oow_t*       ucslen,
	moo_bch_t*       bcs,
	moo_oow_t*       bcslen
);

/* =========================================================================
 * STRING DUPLICATION
 * ========================================================================= */

MOO_EXPORT moo_uch_t* moo_dupbtoucharswithheadroom (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_oow_t        headroom_bytes,
	const moo_bch_t* bcs,
	moo_oow_t        bcslen,
	moo_oow_t*       ucslen
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_bch_t* moo_duputobcharswithheadroom (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_oow_t        headroom_bytes,
	const moo_uch_t* ucs,
	moo_oow_t        ucslen,
	moo_oow_t*       bcslen
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_uch_t* moo_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_oow_t        headroom_bytes,
	const moo_bch_t* bcs,
	moo_oow_t*       ucslen
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_bch_t* moo_duputobcstrwithheadroom (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_oow_t        headroom_bytes,
	const moo_uch_t* ucs,
	moo_oow_t* bcslen
);

#if defined(MOO_HAVE_INLINE)
static MOO_INLINE moo_bch_t* moo_duputobchars (moo_t* moo, const moo_uch_t* ucs, moo_oow_t ucslen, moo_oow_t* bcslen)
{
	return moo_duputobcharswithheadroom (moo, 0, ucs, ucslen, bcslen);
}

static MOO_INLINE moo_uch_t* moo_dupbtouchars (moo_t* moo, const moo_bch_t* bcs, moo_oow_t bcslen, moo_oow_t* ucslen)
{
	return moo_dupbtoucharswithheadroom (moo, 0, bcs, bcslen, ucslen);
}

static MOO_INLINE moo_bch_t* moo_duputobcstr (moo_t* moo, const moo_uch_t* ucs, moo_oow_t* bcslen)
{
	return moo_duputobcstrwithheadroom (moo, 0, ucs, bcslen);
}

static MOO_INLINE moo_uch_t* moo_dupbtoucstr (moo_t* moo, const moo_bch_t* bcs, moo_oow_t* ucslen)
{
	return moo_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom(moo, 0, bcs, ucslen);
}
#else
#	define moo_duputobchars(moo, ucs, ucslen, bcslen) moo_duputobcharswithheadroom(moo, 0, ucs, ucslen, bcslen)
#	define moo_dupbtouchars(moo, bcs, bcslen, ucslen) moo_dupbtoucharswithheadroom(moo, 0, bcs, bcslen, ucslen)
#	define moo_duputobcstr(moo, ucs, bcslen) moo_duputobcstrwithheadroom(moo, 0, ucs, bcslen)
#	define moo_dupbtoucstr(moo, bcs, ucslen) moo_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom(moo, 0, bcs, ucslen)
#endif

MOO_EXPORT moo_uch_t* moo_dupucstr (
	moo_t*           moo,
	const moo_uch_t* ucs,
	moo_oow_t*       ucslen
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_bch_t* moo_dupbcstr (
	moo_t*           moo,
	const moo_bch_t* bcs,
	moo_oow_t*       bcslen
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_uch_t* moo_dupuchars (
	moo_t*           moo,
	const moo_uch_t* ucs,
	moo_oow_t        ucslen
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_bch_t* moo_dupbchars (
	moo_t*           moo,
	const moo_bch_t* bcs,
	moo_oow_t        bcslen
);

#if defined(MOO_OOCH_IS_UCH)
#	define moo_dupootobcharswithheadroom(moo,hrb,oocs,oocslen,bcslen) moo_duputobcharswithheadroom(moo,hrb,oocs,oocslen,bcslen)
#	define moo_dupbtooocharswithheadroom(moo,hrb,bcs,bcslen,oocslen) moo_dupbtoucharswithheadroom(moo,hrb,bcs,bcslen,oocslen)
#	define moo_dupootobchars(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcslen) moo_duputobchars(moo,oocs,oocslen,bcslen)
#	define moo_dupbtooochars(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocslen) moo_dupbtouchars(moo,bcs,bcslen,oocslen)

#	define moo_dupootobcstrwithheadroom(moo,hrb,oocs,bcslen) moo_duputobcstrwithheadroom(moo,hrb,oocs,bcslen)
#	define moo_dupbtooocstrwithheadroom(moo,hrb,bcs,oocslen) moo_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom(moo,hrb,bcs,oocslen)
#	define moo_dupootobcstr(moo,oocs,bcslen) moo_duputobcstr(moo,oocs,bcslen)
#	define moo_dupbtooocstr(moo,bcs,oocslen) moo_dupbtoucstr(moo,bcs,oocslen)
#	define moo_dupoocstr(moo,oocs,oocslen) moo_dupucstr(moo,oocs,oocslen)
#	define moo_duputooocstr(moo,ucs,oocslen) moo_dupucstr(moo,ucs,oocslen)
#	define moo_dupoochars(moo,oocs,oocslen) moo_dupuchars(moo,oocs,oocslen)
#else
#	define moo_dupootoucharswithheadroom(moo,hrb,oocs,oocslen,ucslen) moo_dupbtoucharswithheadroom(moo,hrb,oocs,oocslen,ucslen)
#	define moo_duputooocharswithheadroom(moo,hrb,ucs,ucslen,oocslen) moo_duputobcharswithheadroom(moo,hrb,ucs,ucslen,oocslen)
#	define moo_dupootouchars(moo,oocs,oocslen,ucslen) moo_dupbtouchars(moo,oocs,oocslen,ucslen)
#	define moo_duputooochars(moo,ucs,ucslen,oocslen) moo_duputobchars(moo,ucs,ucslen,oocslen)

#	define moo_dupootoucstrwithheadroom(moo,hrb,oocs,ucslen) moo_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom(moo,hrb,oocs,ucslen)
#	define moo_duputooocstrwithheadroom(moo,hrb,ucs,oocslen) moo_duputobcstrwithheadroom(moo,hrb,ucs,oocslen)
#	define moo_dupootoucstr(moo,oocs,ucslen) moo_dupbtoucstr(moo,oocs,ucslen)
#	define moo_duputooocstr(moo,ucs,oocslen) moo_duputobcstr(moo,ucs,oocslen)
#	define moo_dupoocstr(moo,oocs,oocslen) moo_dupbcstr(moo,oocs,oocslen)
#	define moo_dupbtooocstr(moo,bcs,oocslen) moo_dupucstr(moo,bcs,oocslen)
#	define moo_dupoochars(moo,oocs,oocslen) moo_dupbchars(moo,oocs,oocslen)
#endif


/* =========================================================================
 * SBUF MANIPULATION
 * ========================================================================= */

MOO_EXPORT int moo_copyoocstrtosbuf (
	moo_t*            moo,
	const moo_ooch_t* str,
	moo_sbuf_id_t     id
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_concatoocstrtosbuf (
	moo_t*            moo,
	const moo_ooch_t* str,
	moo_sbuf_id_t     id
);


MOO_EXPORT int moo_copyoocharstosbuf (
	moo_t*            moo,
	const moo_ooch_t* ptr,
	moo_oow_t         len,
	moo_sbuf_id_t     id
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_concatoocharstosbuf (
	moo_t*            moo,
	const moo_ooch_t* ptr,
	moo_oow_t         len,
	moo_sbuf_id_t     id
);

MOO_EXPORT int moo_concatoochartosbuf (
	moo_t*            moo,
	moo_ooch_t        ch,
	moo_oow_t         count,
	moo_sbuf_id_t     id
);

/* =========================================================================
 * MOO VM LOGGING
 * ========================================================================= */

MOO_EXPORT moo_ooi_t moo_logbfmt (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_bitmask_t    mask,
	const moo_bch_t* fmt,
	...
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_ooi_t moo_logbfmtv (
	moo_t*           moo,
	moo_bitmask_t    mask,
	const moo_bch_t* fmt,
	va_list          ap
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_ooi_t moo_logufmt (
	moo_t*            moo,
	moo_bitmask_t     mask,
	const moo_uch_t*  fmt,
	...
);

MOO_EXPORT moo_ooi_t moo_logufmtv (
	moo_t*            moo,
	moo_bitmask_t     mask,
	const moo_uch_t*  fmt,
	va_list           ap
);
 
#if defined(MOO_OOCH_IS_UCH)
#	define moo_logoofmt moo_logufmt
#	define moo_logoofmtv moo_logufmtv
#else
#	define moo_logoofmt moo_logbfmt
#	define moo_logoofmtv moo_logbfmtv
#endif

/* =========================================================================
 * MISCELLANEOUS HELPER FUNCTIONS
 * ========================================================================= */

MOO_EXPORT int moo_decode (
	moo_t*            moo,
	moo_oop_method_t  mth,
	const moo_oocs_t* classfqn
);

MOO_EXPORT const moo_ooch_t* moo_errnum_to_errstr (
	moo_errnum_t errnum
);

/**
 * The moo_releaseiohandle() function deletes resources associated with
 * the given IO handle. The resources include IO semaphores. You should call
 * this function before closing an IO handle.
 */
MOO_EXPORT void moo_releaseiohandle (
	moo_t*    moo,
	moo_ooi_t io_handle
);

#if defined(MOO_INCLUDE_COMPILER)

/* =========================================================================
 * COMPILER FUNCTIONS
 * ========================================================================= */

MOO_EXPORT int moo_compile (
	moo_t*       moo,
	moo_ioimpl_t io
);

MOO_EXPORT void moo_getsynerr (
	moo_t*        moo,
	moo_synerr_t* synerr
);

#endif

#if defined(__cplusplus)
}
#endif


#endif