diff --git a/mio/Makefile.in b/mio/Makefile.in
index 2fe5d77..e8308fe 100644
--- a/mio/Makefile.in
+++ b/mio/Makefile.in
@@ -347,7 +347,6 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
-runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@
@@ -578,7 +577,7 @@ distdir: $(DISTFILES)
 	  ! -type d ! -perm -444 -exec $(install_sh) -c -m a+r {} {} \; \
 	|| chmod -R a+r "$(distdir)"
 dist-gzip: distdir
-	tardir=$(distdir) && $(am__tar) | GZIP=$(GZIP_ENV) gzip -c >$(distdir).tar.gz
+	tardir=$(distdir) && $(am__tar) | eval GZIP= gzip $(GZIP_ENV) -c >$(distdir).tar.gz
 	$(am__post_remove_distdir)
 
 dist-bzip2: distdir
@@ -604,7 +603,7 @@ dist-shar: distdir
 	@echo WARNING: "Support for shar distribution archives is" \
 	               "deprecated." >&2
 	@echo WARNING: "It will be removed altogether in Automake 2.0" >&2
-	shar $(distdir) | GZIP=$(GZIP_ENV) gzip -c >$(distdir).shar.gz
+	shar $(distdir) | eval GZIP= gzip $(GZIP_ENV) -c >$(distdir).shar.gz
 	$(am__post_remove_distdir)
 
 dist-zip: distdir
@@ -622,7 +621,7 @@ dist dist-all:
 distcheck: dist
 	case '$(DIST_ARCHIVES)' in \
 	*.tar.gz*) \
-	  GZIP=$(GZIP_ENV) gzip -dc $(distdir).tar.gz | $(am__untar) ;;\
+	  eval GZIP= gzip $(GZIP_ENV) -dc $(distdir).tar.gz | $(am__untar) ;;\
 	*.tar.bz2*) \
 	  bzip2 -dc $(distdir).tar.bz2 | $(am__untar) ;;\
 	*.tar.lz*) \
@@ -632,7 +631,7 @@ distcheck: dist
 	*.tar.Z*) \
 	  uncompress -c $(distdir).tar.Z | $(am__untar) ;;\
 	*.shar.gz*) \
-	  GZIP=$(GZIP_ENV) gzip -dc $(distdir).shar.gz | unshar ;;\
+	  eval GZIP= gzip $(GZIP_ENV) -dc $(distdir).shar.gz | unshar ;;\
 	*.zip*) \
 	  unzip $(distdir).zip ;;\
 	esac
diff --git a/mio/configure b/mio/configure
index e802f73..b268122 100755
--- a/mio/configure
+++ b/mio/configure
@@ -771,7 +771,6 @@ infodir
 docdir
 oldincludedir
 includedir
-runstatedir
 localstatedir
 sharedstatedir
 sysconfdir
@@ -862,7 +861,6 @@ datadir='${datarootdir}'
 sysconfdir='${prefix}/etc'
 sharedstatedir='${prefix}/com'
 localstatedir='${prefix}/var'
-runstatedir='${localstatedir}/run'
 includedir='${prefix}/include'
 oldincludedir='/usr/include'
 docdir='${datarootdir}/doc/${PACKAGE_TARNAME}'
@@ -1115,15 +1113,6 @@ do
   | -silent | --silent | --silen | --sile | --sil)
     silent=yes ;;
 
-  -runstatedir | --runstatedir | --runstatedi | --runstated \
-  | --runstate | --runstat | --runsta | --runst | --runs \
-  | --run | --ru | --r)
-    ac_prev=runstatedir ;;
-  -runstatedir=* | --runstatedir=* | --runstatedi=* | --runstated=* \
-  | --runstate=* | --runstat=* | --runsta=* | --runst=* | --runs=* \
-  | --run=* | --ru=* | --r=*)
-    runstatedir=$ac_optarg ;;
-
   -sbindir | --sbindir | --sbindi | --sbind | --sbin | --sbi | --sb)
     ac_prev=sbindir ;;
   -sbindir=* | --sbindir=* | --sbindi=* | --sbind=* | --sbin=* \
@@ -1261,7 +1250,7 @@ fi
 for ac_var in	exec_prefix prefix bindir sbindir libexecdir datarootdir \
 		datadir sysconfdir sharedstatedir localstatedir includedir \
 		oldincludedir docdir infodir htmldir dvidir pdfdir psdir \
-		libdir localedir mandir runstatedir
+		libdir localedir mandir
 do
   eval ac_val=\$$ac_var
   # Remove trailing slashes.
@@ -1414,7 +1403,6 @@ Fine tuning of the installation directories:
   --sysconfdir=DIR        read-only single-machine data [PREFIX/etc]
   --sharedstatedir=DIR    modifiable architecture-independent data [PREFIX/com]
   --localstatedir=DIR     modifiable single-machine data [PREFIX/var]
-  --runstatedir=DIR       modifiable per-process data [LOCALSTATEDIR/run]
   --libdir=DIR            object code libraries [EPREFIX/lib]
   --includedir=DIR        C header files [PREFIX/include]
   --oldincludedir=DIR     C header files for non-gcc [/usr/include]
@@ -18546,39 +18534,27 @@ fi
 done
 
 
-		for ac_func in SSL_library_init
+							for ac_func in SSL_new
 do :
-  ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "SSL_library_init" "ac_cv_func_SSL_library_init"
-if test "x$ac_cv_func_SSL_library_init" = xyes; then :
+  ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "SSL_new" "ac_cv_func_SSL_new"
+if test "x$ac_cv_func_SSL_new" = xyes; then :
   cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
-#define HAVE_SSL_LIBRARY_INIT 1
+#define HAVE_SSL_NEW 1
 _ACEOF
 
 fi
 done
 
 
-			for ac_func in OPENSSL_init_ssl
-do :
-  ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "OPENSSL_init_ssl" "ac_cv_func_OPENSSL_init_ssl"
-if test "x$ac_cv_func_OPENSSL_init_ssl" = xyes; then :
-  cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
-#define HAVE_OPENSSL_INIT_SSL 1
-_ACEOF
-
-fi
-done
-
-
-	if test "x$ac_cv_func_SSL_library_init" = "xyes" -o "x$ac_cv_func_OPENSSL_init_ssl" = "xyes"
+	if test "x$ac_cv_func_SSL_new" = "xyes"
 	then
 
 $as_echo "#define HAVE_SSL 1" >>confdefs.h
 
 	else
-		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for SSL_library_init in -lssl" >&5
-$as_echo_n "checking for SSL_library_init in -lssl... " >&6; }
-if ${ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_library_init+:} false; then :
+		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for SSL_new in -lssl" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for SSL_new in -lssl... " >&6; }
+if ${ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_new+:} false; then :
   $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
 else
   ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS
@@ -18592,27 +18568,27 @@ cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C"
 #endif
-char SSL_library_init ();
+char SSL_new ();
 int
 main ()
 {
-return SSL_library_init ();
+return SSL_new ();
   ;
   return 0;
 }
 _ACEOF
 if ac_fn_c_try_link "$LINENO"; then :
-  ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_library_init=yes
+  ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_new=yes
 else
-  ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_library_init=no
+  ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_new=no
 fi
 rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext \
     conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext
 LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS
 fi
-{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_library_init" >&5
-$as_echo "$ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_library_init" >&6; }
-if test "x$ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_library_init" = xyes; then :
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_new" >&5
+$as_echo "$ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_new" >&6; }
+if test "x$ac_cv_lib_ssl_SSL_new" = xyes; then :
 
 			SSL_LIBS="-lssl"
 
@@ -18662,99 +18638,7 @@ if test "x$ac_cv_lib_crypto_ERR_get_error" = xyes; then :
 fi
 
 
-						$as_echo "#define HAVE_SSL_LIBRARY_INIT 1" >>confdefs.h
-
-
-fi
-
-
-		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for OPENSSL_init_ssl in -lssl" >&5
-$as_echo_n "checking for OPENSSL_init_ssl in -lssl... " >&6; }
-if ${ac_cv_lib_ssl_OPENSSL_init_ssl+:} false; then :
-  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
-else
-  ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS
-LIBS="-lssl  $LIBS"
-cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext
-/* end confdefs.h.  */
-
-/* Override any GCC internal prototype to avoid an error.
-   Use char because int might match the return type of a GCC
-   builtin and then its argument prototype would still apply.  */
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C"
-#endif
-char OPENSSL_init_ssl ();
-int
-main ()
-{
-return OPENSSL_init_ssl ();
-  ;
-  return 0;
-}
-_ACEOF
-if ac_fn_c_try_link "$LINENO"; then :
-  ac_cv_lib_ssl_OPENSSL_init_ssl=yes
-else
-  ac_cv_lib_ssl_OPENSSL_init_ssl=no
-fi
-rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext \
-    conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext
-LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS
-fi
-{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ac_cv_lib_ssl_OPENSSL_init_ssl" >&5
-$as_echo "$ac_cv_lib_ssl_OPENSSL_init_ssl" >&6; }
-if test "x$ac_cv_lib_ssl_OPENSSL_init_ssl" = xyes; then :
-
-			SSL_LIBS="-lssl"
-
-$as_echo "#define HAVE_SSL 1" >>confdefs.h
-
-
-						{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for ERR_get_error in -lcrypto" >&5
-$as_echo_n "checking for ERR_get_error in -lcrypto... " >&6; }
-if ${ac_cv_lib_crypto_ERR_get_error+:} false; then :
-  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
-else
-  ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS
-LIBS="-lcrypto  $LIBS"
-cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext
-/* end confdefs.h.  */
-
-/* Override any GCC internal prototype to avoid an error.
-   Use char because int might match the return type of a GCC
-   builtin and then its argument prototype would still apply.  */
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C"
-#endif
-char ERR_get_error ();
-int
-main ()
-{
-return ERR_get_error ();
-  ;
-  return 0;
-}
-_ACEOF
-if ac_fn_c_try_link "$LINENO"; then :
-  ac_cv_lib_crypto_ERR_get_error=yes
-else
-  ac_cv_lib_crypto_ERR_get_error=no
-fi
-rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext \
-    conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext
-LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS
-fi
-{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ac_cv_lib_crypto_ERR_get_error" >&5
-$as_echo "$ac_cv_lib_crypto_ERR_get_error" >&6; }
-if test "x$ac_cv_lib_crypto_ERR_get_error" = xyes; then :
-
-				SSL_LIBS="${SSL_LIBS} -lcrypto"
-
-fi
-
-
-						$as_echo "#define HAVE_OPENSSL_INIT_SSL 1" >>confdefs.h
+						$as_echo "#define HAVE_SSL_NEW 1" >>confdefs.h
 
 
 fi
diff --git a/mio/configure.ac b/mio/configure.ac
index 2a5aa2b..234a3f4 100644
--- a/mio/configure.ac
+++ b/mio/configure.ac
@@ -277,17 +277,18 @@ then
 	AC_CHECK_HEADERS([openssl/ssl.h openssl/err.h openssl/engine.h])
 
 	dnl check for an SSL library
-	AC_CHECK_FUNCS([SSL_library_init])
-
-	dnl SSL_library_init is a macro aliasing OPENSSL_init_ssl in openssl 1.1.0 or later
+	dnl i used SSL_library_init at first.
+	dnl starting from  openssl 1.1.0, SSL_library_init was made to a macro 
+	dnl aliasing OPENSSL_init_ssl.
 	dnl   #define SSL_library_init() OPENSSL_init_ssl(0, NULL)
-	AC_CHECK_FUNCS([OPENSSL_init_ssl])
+	dnl instead of checking both, now i use SSL_new.
+	AC_CHECK_FUNCS([SSL_new])
 
-	if test "x$ac_cv_func_SSL_library_init" = "xyes" -o "x$ac_cv_func_OPENSSL_init_ssl" = "xyes"
+	if test "x$ac_cv_func_SSL_new" = "xyes" 
 	then
 		AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SSL, 1, [ssl support])
 	else
-		AC_CHECK_LIB([ssl], [SSL_library_init], [
+		AC_CHECK_LIB([ssl], [SSL_new], [
 			SSL_LIBS="-lssl"
 			AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SSL, 1, [ssl support])
 
@@ -297,20 +298,7 @@ then
 			])
 
 			dnl only for consistency with AC_CHECK_FUNCS
-			AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SSL_LIBRARY_INIT, 1)
-		])
-
-		AC_CHECK_LIB([ssl], [OPENSSL_init_ssl], [
-			SSL_LIBS="-lssl"
-			AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SSL, 1, [ssl support])
-
-			dnl additional check
-			AC_CHECK_LIB([crypto], [ERR_get_error], [
-				SSL_LIBS="${SSL_LIBS} -lcrypto"
-			])
-
-			dnl only for consistency with AC_CHECK_FUNCS
-			AC_DEFINE(HAVE_OPENSSL_INIT_SSL, 1)
+			AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SSL_NEW, 1)
 		])
 	fi
 
diff --git a/mio/lib/Makefile.in b/mio/lib/Makefile.in
index b17aa12..d76fa83 100644
--- a/mio/lib/Makefile.in
+++ b/mio/lib/Makefile.in
@@ -365,7 +365,6 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
-runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@
diff --git a/mio/lib/fmtoutv.h b/mio/lib/fmtoutv.h
index 53b2788..322d3bd 100644
--- a/mio/lib/fmtoutv.h
+++ b/mio/lib/fmtoutv.h
@@ -460,12 +460,19 @@ static int fmtoutv (mio_t* mio, const fmtchar_t* fmt, mio_fmtout_data_t* data, v
 		#endif
 		lowercase_s:
 
-			bsp = va_arg (ap, mio_bch_t*);
+			bsp = va_arg(ap, mio_bch_t*);
 			if (bsp == MIO_NULL) bsp = bch_nullstr;
 
 		#if defined(MIO_OOCH_IS_UCH)
 			/* get the length */
-			for (bslen = 0; bsp[bslen]; bslen++);
+			if (flagc & FLAGC_DOT)
+			{
+				for (bslen = 0; bslen < precision && bsp[bslen]; bslen++);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				for (bslen = 0; bsp[bslen]; bslen++);
+			}
 
 			if (mio_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr(bsp, &bslen, MIO_NULL, &slen, mio->cmgr, 0) <= -1) goto oops;
 
@@ -534,7 +541,14 @@ static int fmtoutv (mio_t* mio, const fmtchar_t* fmt, mio_fmtout_data_t* data, v
 
 		#if defined(MIO_OOCH_IS_BCH)
 			/* get the length */
-			for (uslen = 0; usp[uslen]; uslen++);
+			if (flagc & FLAGC_DOT)
+			{
+				for (uslen = 0; uslen < precision && usp[uslen]; uslen++);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				for (uslen = 0; usp[uslen]; uslen++);
+			}
 
 			if (mio_conv_uchars_to_bchars_with_cmgr(usp, &uslen, MIO_NULL, &slen, mio->cmgr) <= -1) goto oops;
 
diff --git a/mio/lib/main.c b/mio/lib/main.c
index 126c37d..dec76d4 100644
--- a/mio/lib/main.c
+++ b/mio/lib/main.c
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ static void tcp_sck_on_connect (mio_dev_sck_t* tcp)
 	}
 	else if (tcp->state & MIO_DEV_SCK_ACCEPTED)
 	{
-		MIO_INFO5 (tcp->mio, "DEVICE accepted client device... .LOCAL %s:%d REMOTE %s:%d\n",
+		MIO_INFO5 (tcp->mio, "DEVICE accepted client device... .LOCAL %hs:%d REMOTE %hs:%d\n",
 			buf1, mio_getsckaddrport(&tcp->localaddr), buf2, mio_getsckaddrport(&tcp->remoteaddr), tcp->sck);
 	}
 
@@ -227,7 +227,6 @@ static int tcp_sck_on_write (mio_dev_sck_t* tcp, mio_iolen_t wrlen, void* wrctx,
 static int tcp_sck_on_read (mio_dev_sck_t* tcp, const void* buf, mio_iolen_t len, const mio_sckaddr_t* srcaddr)
 {
 	int n;
-static int x = 0;
 
 	if (len <= -1)
 	{
@@ -277,21 +276,54 @@ static int x = 0;
 
 /* ========================================================================= */
 
-static void pro_on_close (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, mio_dev_pro_sid_t sid)
+static void pro_on_close (mio_dev_pro_t* pro, mio_dev_pro_sid_t sid)
 {
-printf (">>>>>>>>>>>>> ON CLOSE OF SLAVE %d.\n", sid);
+	mio_t* mio = pro->mio;
+	if (sid == MIO_DEV_PRO_MASTER)
+		MIO_INFO1 (mio, "PROCESS(%d) CLOSE MASTER\n", (int)pro->child_pid);
+	else
+		MIO_INFO2 (mio, "PROCESS(%d) CLOSE SLAVE[%d]\n", (int)pro->child_pid, sid);
 }
 
-static int pro_on_read (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t dlen, mio_dev_pro_sid_t sid)
+static int pro_on_read (mio_dev_pro_t* pro, mio_dev_pro_sid_t sid, const void* data, mio_iolen_t dlen)
 {
-printf ("PROCESS READ DATA on SLAVE[%d]... [%.*s]\n", (int)sid, (int)dlen, (char*)data);
+	mio_t* mio = pro->mio;
+
+	if (dlen <= -1)
+	{
+		MIO_INFO1 (mio, "PROCESS(%d): READ TIMED OUT...\n", (int)pro->child_pid);
+		mio_dev_pro_halt (pro);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	else if (dlen <= 0)
+	{
+		MIO_INFO1 (mio, "PROCESS(%d): EOF RECEIVED...\n", (int)pro->child_pid);
+		/* no outstanding request. but EOF */
+		mio_dev_pro_halt (pro);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	MIO_INFO5 (mio, "PROCESS(%d) READ DATA ON SLAVE[%d] len=%d [%.*hs]\n", (int)pro->child_pid, (int)sid, (int)dlen, dlen, (char*)data);
+	if (sid == MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT)
+	{
+		mio_dev_pro_read (pro, sid, 0);
+		mio_dev_pro_write (pro, "HELLO\n", 6, MIO_NULL);
+	}
 	return 0;
 }
 
-
-static int pro_on_write (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, mio_iolen_t wrlen, void* wrctx)
+static int pro_on_write (mio_dev_pro_t* pro, mio_iolen_t wrlen, void* wrctx)
 {
-printf ("PROCESS WROTE DATA...\n");
+	mio_t* mio = pro->mio;
+	if (wrlen <= -1)
+	{
+		MIO_INFO1 (mio, "PROCESS(%d): WRITE TIMED OUT...\n", (int)pro->child_pid);
+		mio_dev_pro_halt (pro);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	MIO_DEBUG2 (mio, "PROCESS(%d) wrote data of %d bytes\n", (int)pro->child_pid, (int)wrlen);
+	mio_dev_pro_read (pro, MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT, 1);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -747,8 +779,8 @@ for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
 	memset (&pro_make, 0, MIO_SIZEOF(pro_make));
 	pro_make.flags = MIO_DEV_PRO_READOUT | MIO_DEV_PRO_READERR | MIO_DEV_PRO_WRITEIN /*| MIO_DEV_PRO_FORGET_CHILD*/;
 	//pro_make.cmd = "/bin/ls -laF /usr/bin";
-	pro_make.cmd = "/bin/ls -laF";
-	//pro_make.cmd = "./a";
+	//pro_make.cmd = "/bin/ls -laF";
+	pro_make.cmd = "./a";
 	pro_make.on_read = pro_on_read;
 	pro_make.on_write = pro_on_write;
 	pro_make.on_close = pro_on_close;
@@ -759,6 +791,8 @@ for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
 		MIO_INFO1 (mio, "CANNOT CREATE PROCESS PIPE - %js\n", mio_geterrmsg(mio));
 		goto oops;
 	}
+	mio_dev_pro_read (pro, MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT, 0);
+	//mio_dev_pro_read (pro, MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR, 0);
 
 	mio_dev_pro_write (pro, "MY MIO LIBRARY\n", 16, MIO_NULL);
 //mio_dev_pro_killchild (pro); 
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio-cfg.h.in b/mio/lib/mio-cfg.h.in
index eb2ae56..87c6888 100644
--- a/mio/lib/mio-cfg.h.in
+++ b/mio/lib/mio-cfg.h.in
@@ -370,9 +370,6 @@
 /* Define to 1 if you have the <openssl/err.h> header file. */
 #undef HAVE_OPENSSL_ERR_H
 
-/* Define to 1 if you have the `OPENSSL_init_ssl' function. */
-#undef HAVE_OPENSSL_INIT_SSL
-
 /* Define to 1 if you have the <openssl/ssl.h> header file. */
 #undef HAVE_OPENSSL_SSL_H
 
@@ -496,8 +493,8 @@
 /* ssl support */
 #undef HAVE_SSL
 
-/* Define to 1 if you have the `SSL_library_init' function. */
-#undef HAVE_SSL_LIBRARY_INIT
+/* Define to 1 if you have the `SSL_new' function. */
+#undef HAVE_SSL_NEW
 
 /* Define to 1 if you have the `stat64' function. */
 #undef HAVE_STAT64
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio-pro.c b/mio/lib/mio-pro.c
index 9280f38..227820b 100644
--- a/mio/lib/mio-pro.c
+++ b/mio/lib/mio-pro.c
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ struct slave_info_t
 {
 	mio_dev_pro_make_t* mi;
 	mio_syshnd_t pfd;
-	int dev_capa;
+	int dev_cap;
 	mio_dev_pro_sid_t id;
 };
 
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ static int dev_pro_make_master (mio_dev_t* dev, void* ctx)
 
 		si.mi = info;
 		si.pfd = pfds[1];
-		si.dev_capa = MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_QUEUED | MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM;
+		si.dev_cap = MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT | MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM;
 		si.id = MIO_DEV_PRO_IN;
 
 		rdev->slave[MIO_DEV_PRO_IN] = make_slave(mio, &si);
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ static int dev_pro_make_master (mio_dev_t* dev, void* ctx)
 
 		si.mi = info;
 		si.pfd = pfds[2];
-		si.dev_capa = MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN | MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM;
+		si.dev_cap = MIO_DEV_CAP_IN | MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM;
 		si.id = MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT;
 
 		rdev->slave[MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT] = make_slave(mio, &si);
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ static int dev_pro_make_master (mio_dev_t* dev, void* ctx)
 
 		si.mi = info;
 		si.pfd = pfds[4];
-		si.dev_capa = MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN | MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM;
+		si.dev_cap = MIO_DEV_CAP_IN | MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM;
 		si.id = MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR;
 
 		rdev->slave[MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR] = make_slave(mio, &si);
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ static int dev_pro_make_master (mio_dev_t* dev, void* ctx)
 		if (rdev->slave[i]) rdev->slave[i]->master = rdev;
 	}
 
-	rdev->dev_capa = MIO_DEV_CAPA_VIRTUAL; /* the master device doesn't perform I/O */
+	rdev->dev_cap = MIO_DEV_CAP_VIRTUAL; /* the master device doesn't perform I/O */
 	rdev->flags = info->flags;
 	rdev->on_read = info->on_read;
 	rdev->on_write = info->on_write;
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ static int dev_pro_make_slave (mio_dev_t* dev, void* ctx)
 	mio_dev_pro_slave_t* rdev = (mio_dev_pro_slave_t*)dev;
 	slave_info_t* si = (slave_info_t*)ctx;
 
-	rdev->dev_capa = si->dev_capa;
+	rdev->dev_cap = si->dev_cap;
 	rdev->id = si->id;
 	rdev->pfd = si->pfd;
 	/* keep rdev->master to MIO_NULL. it's set to the right master
@@ -715,13 +715,13 @@ static int pro_ready_slave (mio_dev_t* dev, int events)
 static int pro_on_read_slave_out (mio_dev_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t len, const mio_devaddr_t* srcaddr)
 {
 	mio_dev_pro_slave_t* pro = (mio_dev_pro_slave_t*)dev;
-	return pro->master->on_read(pro->master, data, len, MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT);
+	return pro->master->on_read(pro->master, MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT, data, len);
 }
 
 static int pro_on_read_slave_err (mio_dev_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t len, const mio_devaddr_t* srcaddr)
 {
 	mio_dev_pro_slave_t* pro = (mio_dev_pro_slave_t*)dev;
-	return pro->master->on_read(pro->master, data, len, MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR);
+	return pro->master->on_read(pro->master, MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR, data, len);
 }
 
 static int pro_on_write_slave (mio_dev_t* dev, mio_iolen_t wrlen, void* wrctx, const mio_devaddr_t* dstaddr)
@@ -785,16 +785,49 @@ mio_dev_pro_t* mio_dev_pro_make (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t xtnsize, const mio_dev_pr
 		&dev_pro_methods, &dev_pro_event_callbacks, (void*)info);
 }
 
-void mio_dev_pro_kill (mio_dev_pro_t* dev)
+void mio_dev_pro_halt (mio_dev_pro_t* dev)
 {
-	mio_killdev (dev->mio, (mio_dev_t*)dev);
+	mio_dev_halt ((mio_dev_t*)dev);
 }
 
+int mio_dev_pro_read (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, mio_dev_pro_sid_t sid, int enabled)
+{
+	mio_t* mio = dev->mio;
+
+	MIO_ASSERT (mio, sid == MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT || sid == MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR);
+
+	if (dev->slave[sid])
+	{
+		return mio_dev_read((mio_dev_t*)dev->slave[sid], enabled);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		mio_seterrnum (dev->mio, MIO_ENOCAPA); /* TODO: is it the right error number? */
+		return -1;
+	}
+}
+
+int mio_dev_pro_timedread (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, mio_dev_pro_sid_t sid, int enabled, const mio_ntime_t* tmout)
+{
+	mio_t* mio = dev->mio;
+
+	MIO_ASSERT (mio, sid == MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT || sid == MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR);
+
+	if (dev->slave[sid])
+	{
+		return mio_dev_timedread((mio_dev_t*)dev->slave[sid], enabled, tmout);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		mio_seterrnum (mio, MIO_ENOCAPA); /* TODO: is it the right error number? */
+		return -1;
+	}
+}
 int mio_dev_pro_write (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t dlen, void* wrctx)
 {
-	if (dev->slave[0])
+	if (dev->slave[MIO_DEV_PRO_IN])
 	{
-		return mio_dev_write((mio_dev_t*)dev->slave[0], data, dlen, wrctx, MIO_NULL);
+		return mio_dev_write((mio_dev_t*)dev->slave[MIO_DEV_PRO_IN], data, dlen, wrctx, MIO_NULL);
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -805,9 +838,9 @@ int mio_dev_pro_write (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t dlen, v
 
 int mio_dev_pro_timedwrite (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t dlen, const mio_ntime_t* tmout, void* wrctx)
 {
-	if (dev->slave[0])
+	if (dev->slave[MIO_DEV_PRO_IN])
 	{
-		return mio_dev_timedwrite((mio_dev_t*)dev->slave[0], data, dlen, tmout, wrctx, MIO_NULL);
+		return mio_dev_timedwrite((mio_dev_t*)dev->slave[MIO_DEV_PRO_IN], data, dlen, tmout, wrctx, MIO_NULL);
 	}
 	else
 	{
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio-pro.h b/mio/lib/mio-pro.h
index da7a2df..8e3c836 100644
--- a/mio/lib/mio-pro.h
+++ b/mio/lib/mio-pro.h
@@ -32,16 +32,16 @@
 enum mio_dev_pro_sid_t
 {
 	MIO_DEV_PRO_MASTER = -1,
-	MIO_DEV_PRO_IN     =  0,
-	MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT    =  1,
-	MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR    =  2
+	MIO_DEV_PRO_IN     =  0, /* input of the child process */
+	MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT    =  1, /* output of the child process */
+	MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR    =  2  /* error output of the child process */
 };
 typedef enum mio_dev_pro_sid_t mio_dev_pro_sid_t;
 
 typedef struct mio_dev_pro_t mio_dev_pro_t;
 typedef struct mio_dev_pro_slave_t mio_dev_pro_slave_t;
 
-typedef int (*mio_dev_pro_on_read_t) (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t len, mio_dev_pro_sid_t sid);
+typedef int (*mio_dev_pro_on_read_t) (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, mio_dev_pro_sid_t sid, const void* data, mio_iolen_t len);
 typedef int (*mio_dev_pro_on_write_t) (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, mio_iolen_t wrlen, void* wrctx);
 typedef void (*mio_dev_pro_on_close_t) (mio_dev_pro_t* dev, mio_dev_pro_sid_t sid);
 
@@ -124,27 +124,40 @@ extern "C" {
 
 MIO_EXPORT  mio_dev_pro_t* mio_dev_pro_make (
 	mio_t*                    mio,
-	mio_oow_t                xtnsize,
+	mio_oow_t                 xtnsize,
 	const mio_dev_pro_make_t* data
 );
 
-MIO_EXPORT void mio_dev_pro_kill (
+MIO_EXPORT void mio_dev_pro_halt (
 	mio_dev_pro_t* pro
 );
 
+MIO_EXPORT int mio_dev_pro_read (
+	mio_dev_pro_t*     pro,
+	mio_dev_pro_sid_t  sid, /**< either #MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT or #MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR */
+	int                enabled
+);
+
+MIO_EXPORT int mio_dev_pro_timedread (
+	mio_dev_pro_t*     pro,
+	mio_dev_pro_sid_t  sid, /**< either #MIO_DEV_PRO_OUT or #MIO_DEV_PRO_ERR */
+	int                enabled,
+	const mio_ntime_t* tmout
+);
+
 MIO_EXPORT int mio_dev_pro_write (
 	mio_dev_pro_t*     pro,
-	const void*         data,
+	const void*        data,
 	mio_iolen_t        len,
-	void*               wrctx
+	void*              wrctx
 );
 
 MIO_EXPORT int mio_dev_pro_timedwrite (
 	mio_dev_pro_t*     pro,
-	const void*         data,
+	const void*        data,
 	mio_iolen_t        len,
 	const mio_ntime_t* tmout,
-	void*               wrctx
+	void*              wrctx
 );
 
 MIO_EXPORT int mio_dev_pro_close (
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio-prv.h b/mio/lib/mio-prv.h
index 744f019..2445c64 100644
--- a/mio/lib/mio-prv.h
+++ b/mio/lib/mio-prv.h
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ int mio_sys_ctrlmux (
 	mio_t*            mio,
 	mio_sys_mux_cmd_t cmd,
 	mio_dev_t*        dev,
-	int               dev_capa
+	int               dev_cap
 );
 
 int mio_sys_waitmux (
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio-sck.c b/mio/lib/mio-sck.c
index 3dd5f65..ed81734 100644
--- a/mio/lib/mio-sck.c
+++ b/mio/lib/mio-sck.c
@@ -288,23 +288,23 @@ static MIO_INLINE mio_sckaddr_t* devaddr_to_sckaddr (mio_dev_sck_t* dev, const m
 
 /* ========================================================================= */
 
-#define IS_STATEFUL(sck) ((sck)->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM)
+#define IS_STATEFUL(sck) ((sck)->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM)
 
 struct sck_type_map_t
 {
 	int domain;
 	int type;
 	int proto;
-	int extra_dev_capa;
+	int extra_dev_cap;
 };
 
 static struct sck_type_map_t sck_type_map[] =
 {
 	/* MIO_DEV_SCK_TCP4 */
-	{ AF_INET,    SOCK_STREAM,    0,                         MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM  | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_QUEUED },
+	{ AF_INET,    SOCK_STREAM,    0,                         MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM },
 
 	/* MIO_DEV_SCK_TCP6 */
-	{ AF_INET6,   SOCK_STREAM,    0,                         MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM  | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_QUEUED },
+	{ AF_INET6,   SOCK_STREAM,    0,                         MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM },
 
 	/* MIO_DEV_SCK_UPD4 */
 	{ AF_INET,    SOCK_DGRAM,     0,                         0                                                },
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ static int dev_sck_make (mio_dev_t* dev, void* ctx)
 	rdev->sck = open_async_socket(mio, sck_type_map[arg->type].domain, sck_type_map[arg->type].type, sck_type_map[arg->type].proto);
 	if (rdev->sck == MIO_SCKHND_INVALID) goto oops;
 
-	rdev->dev_capa = MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT | sck_type_map[arg->type].extra_dev_capa;
+	rdev->dev_cap = MIO_DEV_CAP_IN | MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT | sck_type_map[arg->type].extra_dev_cap;
 	rdev->on_write = arg->on_write;
 	rdev->on_read = arg->on_read;
 	rdev->on_connect = arg->on_connect;
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ accept_done:
 
 	MIO_ASSERT (mio, clidev->sck == clisck);
 
-	clidev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT | MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_QUEUED;
+	clidev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_IN | MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT | MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM;
 	clidev->remoteaddr = remoteaddr;
 
 	addrlen = MIO_SIZEOF(clidev->localaddr);
@@ -1697,7 +1697,7 @@ mio_dev_sck_t* mio_dev_sck_make (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t xtnsize, const mio_dev_sc
 		return MIO_NULL;
 	}
 
-	if (sck_type_map[info->type].extra_dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM) /* can't use the IS_STATEFUL() macro yet */
+	if (sck_type_map[info->type].extra_dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM) /* can't use the IS_STATEFUL() macro yet */
 	{
 		rdev = (mio_dev_sck_t*)mio_makedev(
 			mio, MIO_SIZEOF(mio_dev_sck_t) + xtnsize, 
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio.c b/mio/lib/mio.c
index 0794ec0..67d52c2 100644
--- a/mio/lib/mio.c
+++ b/mio/lib/mio.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "mio-prv.h"
   
-#define DEV_CAPA_ALL_WATCHED (MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_WATCHED | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_WATCHED | MIO_DEV_CAPA_PRI_WATCHED)
+#define DEV_CAP_ALL_WATCHED (MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_WATCHED | MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_WATCHED | MIO_DEV_CAP_PRI_WATCHED)
 
 static int schedule_kill_zombie_job (mio_dev_t* dev);
 static int kill_and_free_device (mio_dev_t* dev, int force);
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ void mio_fini (mio_t* mio)
 
 			/* remove the device from the zombie device list */
 			UNLINK_DEVICE_FROM_LIST (&mio->zmbdev, dev);
-			dev->dev_capa &= ~MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE;
+			dev->dev_cap &= ~MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE;
 
 			/* put it to a private list for aborting */
 			APPEND_DEVICE_TO_LIST (&diehard, dev);
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ void mio_fini (mio_t* mio)
 		 * because the device is freed regardless of the failure when 2 
 		 * is given to kill_and_free_device(). */
 		dev = diehard.head;
-		MIO_ASSERT (mio, !(dev->dev_capa & (MIO_DEV_CAPA_ACTIVE | MIO_DEV_CAPA_HALTED | MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE)));
+		MIO_ASSERT (mio, !(dev->dev_cap & (MIO_DEV_CAP_ACTIVE | MIO_DEV_CAP_HALTED | MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE)));
 		UNLINK_DEVICE_FROM_LIST (&diehard, dev);
 		kill_and_free_device (dev, 2);
 	}
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ static MIO_INLINE void handle_event (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev, int events, int
 {
 	MIO_ASSERT (mio, mio == dev->mio);
 
-	dev->dev_capa &= ~MIO_DEV_CAPA_RENEW_REQUIRED;
+	dev->dev_cap &= ~MIO_DEV_CAP_RENEW_REQUIRED;
 
 	MIO_ASSERT (mio, mio == dev->mio);
 
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ static MIO_INLINE void handle_event (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev, int events, int
 					/* finished writing a single write request */
 					int y, out_closed = 0;
 
-					if (q->len <= 0 && (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM)) 
+					if (q->len <= 0 && (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM)) 
 					{
 						/* it was a zero-length write request. 
 						 * for a stream, it is to close the output. */
-						dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED;
-						dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_RENEW_REQUIRED;
+						dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED;
+						dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_RENEW_REQUIRED;
 						out_closed = 1;
 					}
 
@@ -382,15 +382,15 @@ static MIO_INLINE void handle_event (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev, int events, int
 		if (dev && MIO_WQ_ISEMPTY(&dev->wq))
 		{
 			/* no pending request to write */
-			if ((dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_CLOSED) &&
-			    (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED))
+			if ((dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_CLOSED) &&
+			    (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED))
 			{
 				mio_dev_halt (dev);
 				dev = MIO_NULL;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_RENEW_REQUIRED;
+				dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_RENEW_REQUIRED;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -441,16 +441,16 @@ static MIO_INLINE void handle_event (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev, int events, int
 			}
 			else /*if (x >= 1) */
 			{
-				if (len <= 0 && (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM)) 
+				if (len <= 0 && (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM)) 
 				{
 					/* EOF received. for a stream device, a zero-length 
 					 * read is interpreted as EOF. */
-					dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_CLOSED;
-					dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_RENEW_REQUIRED;
+					dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_CLOSED;
+					dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_RENEW_REQUIRED;
 
 					/* call the on_read callback to report EOF */
 					if (dev->dev_evcb->on_read(dev, mio->bigbuf, len, &srcaddr) <= -1 ||
-					    (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED))
+					    (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED))
 					{
 						/* 1. input ended and its reporting failed or 
 						 * 2. input ended and no writing is possible */
@@ -494,8 +494,8 @@ static MIO_INLINE void handle_event (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev, int events, int
 			 * halt the device. this check is performed after
 			 * EPOLLIN or EPOLLOUT check because EPOLLERR or EPOLLHUP
 			 * can be set together with EPOLLIN or EPOLLOUT. */
-			dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_CLOSED | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED;
-			dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_RENEW_REQUIRED;
+			dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_CLOSED | MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED;
+			dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_RENEW_REQUIRED;
 		}
 		else if (dev && rdhup) 
 		{
@@ -506,13 +506,13 @@ static MIO_INLINE void handle_event (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev, int events, int
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_CLOSED | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED;
-				dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_RENEW_REQUIRED;
+				dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_CLOSED | MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED;
+				dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_RENEW_REQUIRED;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ((dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_CLOSED) &&
-		    (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED))
+		if ((dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_CLOSED) &&
+		    (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED))
 		{
 			mio_dev_halt (dev);
 			dev = MIO_NULL;
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ static MIO_INLINE void handle_event (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev, int events, int
 	}
 
 skip_evcb:
-	if (dev && (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_RENEW_REQUIRED) && mio_dev_watch(dev, MIO_DEV_WATCH_RENEW, 0) <= -1)
+	if (dev && (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_RENEW_REQUIRED) && mio_dev_watch(dev, MIO_DEV_WATCH_RENEW, 0) <= -1)
 	{
 		mio_dev_halt (dev);
 		dev = MIO_NULL;
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ mio_dev_t* mio_makedev (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t dev_size, mio_dev_mth_t* dev_mth,
 	dev->dev_size = dev_size;
 	/* default capability. dev->dev_mth->make() can change this.
 	 * mio_dev_watch() is affected by the capability change. */
-	dev->dev_capa = MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT;
+	dev->dev_cap = MIO_DEV_CAP_IN | MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT;
 	dev->dev_mth = dev_mth;
 	dev->dev_evcb = dev_evcb;
 	MIO_INIT_NTIME (&dev->rtmout, 0, 0); 
@@ -654,15 +654,15 @@ mio_dev_t* mio_makedev (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t dev_size, mio_dev_mth_t* dev_mth,
 
 	/* set some internal capability bits according to the capabilities 
 	 * removed by the device making callback for convenience sake. */
-	dev->dev_capa &= MIO_DEV_CAPA_ALL_MASK; /* keep valid capability bits only. drop all internal-use bits */
-	if (!(dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN)) dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_CLOSED;
-	if (!(dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT)) dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED;
+	dev->dev_cap &= MIO_DEV_CAP_ALL_MASK; /* keep valid capability bits only. drop all internal-use bits */
+	if (!(dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN)) dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_CLOSED;
+	if (!(dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT)) dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED;
 
 	if (mio_dev_watch(dev, MIO_DEV_WATCH_START, 0) <= -1) goto oops_after_make;
 
 	/* and place the new device object at the back of the active device list */
 	APPEND_DEVICE_TO_LIST (&mio->actdev, dev);
-	dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_ACTIVE;
+	dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_ACTIVE;
 
 	return dev;
 
@@ -702,29 +702,29 @@ static int kill_and_free_device (mio_dev_t* dev, int force)
 {
 	mio_t* mio = dev->mio;
 
-	MIO_ASSERT (mio, !(dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_ACTIVE));
-	MIO_ASSERT (mio, !(dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_HALTED));
+	MIO_ASSERT (mio, !(dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_ACTIVE));
+	MIO_ASSERT (mio, !(dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_HALTED));
 
 
 	if (dev->dev_mth->kill(dev, force) <= -1) 
 	{
 		if (force >= 2) goto free_device;
 
-		if (!(dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE))
+		if (!(dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE))
 		{
 			APPEND_DEVICE_TO_LIST (&mio->zmbdev, dev);
-			dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE;
+			dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE;
 		}
 
 		return -1;
 	}
 
 free_device:
-	if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE)
+	if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE)
 	{
 		/* detach it from the zombie device list */
 		UNLINK_DEVICE_FROM_LIST (&mio->zmbdev, dev);
-		dev->dev_capa &= ~MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE;
+		dev->dev_cap &= ~MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE;
 	}
 
 	mio_freemem (mio, dev);
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ static void kill_zombie_job_handler (mio_t* mio, const mio_ntime_t* now, mio_tmr
 {
 	mio_dev_t* dev = (mio_dev_t*)job->ctx;
 
-	MIO_ASSERT (mio, dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE);
+	MIO_ASSERT (mio, dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE);
 
 	if (kill_and_free_device(dev, 0) <= -1)
 	{
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ void mio_killdev (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev)
 {
 	MIO_ASSERT (mio, mio == dev->mio);
 
-	if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE)
+	if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE)
 	{
 		MIO_ASSERT (mio, MIO_WQ_ISEMPTY(&dev->wq));
 		MIO_ASSERT (mio, dev->cw_count == 0);
@@ -819,18 +819,18 @@ void mio_killdev (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev)
 		mio_freemem (mio, q);
 	}
 
-	if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_HALTED)
+	if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_HALTED)
 	{
 		/* this device is in the halted state.
 		 * unlink it from the halted device list */
 		UNLINK_DEVICE_FROM_LIST (&mio->hltdev, dev);
-		dev->dev_capa &= ~MIO_DEV_CAPA_HALTED;
+		dev->dev_cap &= ~MIO_DEV_CAP_HALTED;
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		MIO_ASSERT (mio, dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_ACTIVE);
+		MIO_ASSERT (mio, dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_ACTIVE);
 		UNLINK_DEVICE_FROM_LIST (&mio->actdev, dev);
-		dev->dev_capa &= ~MIO_DEV_CAPA_ACTIVE;
+		dev->dev_cap &= ~MIO_DEV_CAP_ACTIVE;
 	}
 
 	mio_dev_watch (dev, MIO_DEV_WATCH_STOP, 0);
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ void mio_killdev (mio_t* mio, mio_dev_t* dev)
 kill_device:
 	if (kill_and_free_device(dev, 0) <= -1)
 	{
-		MIO_ASSERT (mio, dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE);
+		MIO_ASSERT (mio, dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE);
 		if (schedule_kill_zombie_job (dev) <= -1)
 		{
 			/* i have to choice but to free up the devide by force */
@@ -861,15 +861,15 @@ void mio_dev_halt (mio_dev_t* dev)
 {
 	mio_t* mio = dev->mio;
 
-	if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_ACTIVE)
+	if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_ACTIVE)
 	{
 		/* delink the device object from the active device list */
 		UNLINK_DEVICE_FROM_LIST (&mio->actdev, dev);
-		dev->dev_capa &= ~MIO_DEV_CAPA_ACTIVE;
+		dev->dev_cap &= ~MIO_DEV_CAP_ACTIVE;
 
 		/* place it at the back of the halted device list */
 		APPEND_DEVICE_TO_LIST (&mio->hltdev, dev);
-		dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_HALTED;
+		dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_HALTED;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -890,21 +890,21 @@ int mio_dev_watch (mio_dev_t* dev, mio_dev_watch_cmd_t cmd, int events)
 {
 	mio_t* mio = dev->mio;
 	int mux_cmd;
-	int dev_capa;
+	int dev_cap;
 
 	/* the virtual device doesn't perform actual I/O.
-	 * it's different from not hanving MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN and MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT.
+	 * it's different from not hanving MIO_DEV_CAP_IN and MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT.
 	 * a non-virtual device without the capabilities still gets attention
 	 * of the system multiplexer for hangup and error. */
-	if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_VIRTUAL) return 0;
+	if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_VIRTUAL) return 0;
 
 	/*ev.data.ptr = dev;*/
 	switch (cmd)
 	{
 		case MIO_DEV_WATCH_START:
 			/* request input watching when a device is started.
-			 * if the device is set with MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_DISABLED and/or 
-			 * is not set with MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN, input wathcing is excluded 
+			 * if the device is set with MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_DISABLED and/or 
+			 * is not set with MIO_DEV_CAP_IN, input wathcing is excluded 
 			 * after this 'switch' block */
 			events = MIO_DEV_EVENT_IN;
 			mux_cmd = MIO_SYS_MUX_CMD_INSERT;
@@ -932,37 +932,37 @@ int mio_dev_watch (mio_dev_t* dev, mio_dev_watch_cmd_t cmd, int events)
 			return -1;
 	}
 
-	dev_capa = dev->dev_capa;
-	dev_capa &= ~(DEV_CAPA_ALL_WATCHED);
+	dev_cap = dev->dev_cap;
+	dev_cap &= ~(DEV_CAP_ALL_WATCHED);
 
 	/* this function honors MIO_DEV_EVENT_IN and MIO_DEV_EVENT_OUT only
 	 * as valid input event bits. it intends to provide simple abstraction
 	 * by reducing the variety of event bits that the caller has to handle. */
 
-	if ((events & MIO_DEV_EVENT_IN) && !(dev->dev_capa & (MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_CLOSED | MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_DISABLED)))
+	if ((events & MIO_DEV_EVENT_IN) && !(dev->dev_cap & (MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_CLOSED | MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_DISABLED)))
 	{
-		if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN) 
+		if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN) 
 		{
-			if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_PRI) dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_PRI_WATCHED;
-			dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_WATCHED;
+			if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_PRI) dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_PRI_WATCHED;
+			dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_WATCHED;
 		}
 	}
 
-	if ((events & MIO_DEV_EVENT_OUT) && !(dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED))
+	if ((events & MIO_DEV_EVENT_OUT) && !(dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED))
 	{
-		if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT) dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_WATCHED;
+		if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT) dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_WATCHED;
 	}
 
-	if (mux_cmd == MIO_SYS_MUX_CMD_UPDATE && (dev_capa & DEV_CAPA_ALL_WATCHED) == (dev->dev_capa & DEV_CAPA_ALL_WATCHED))
+	if (mux_cmd == MIO_SYS_MUX_CMD_UPDATE && (dev_cap & DEV_CAP_ALL_WATCHED) == (dev->dev_cap & DEV_CAP_ALL_WATCHED))
 	{
 		/* no change in the device capacity. skip calling epoll_ctl */
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		if (mio_sys_ctrlmux(mio, mux_cmd, dev, dev_capa) <= -1) return -1;
+		if (mio_sys_ctrlmux(mio, mux_cmd, dev, dev_cap) <= -1) return -1;
 	}
 
-	dev->dev_capa = dev_capa;
+	dev->dev_cap = dev_cap;
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ static int __dev_read (mio_dev_t* dev, int enabled, const mio_ntime_t* tmout, vo
 {
 	mio_t* mio = dev->mio;
 
-	if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_CLOSED)
+	if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_CLOSED)
 	{
 		mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_ENOCAPA, "unable to read closed device");
 		return -1;
@@ -993,16 +993,16 @@ static int __dev_read (mio_dev_t* dev, int enabled, const mio_ntime_t* tmout, vo
 
 	if (enabled)
 	{
-		dev->dev_capa &= ~MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_DISABLED;
-		if (!(dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_WATCHED)) goto renew_watch_now;
+		dev->dev_cap &= ~MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_DISABLED;
+		if (!(dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_WATCHED)) goto renew_watch_now;
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_DISABLED;
-		if ((dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_WATCHED)) goto renew_watch_now;
+		dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_DISABLED;
+		if ((dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_WATCHED)) goto renew_watch_now;
 	}
 
-	dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_RENEW_REQUIRED;
+	dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_RENEW_REQUIRED;
 	goto update_timer;
 
 renew_watch_now:
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ static int __dev_write (mio_dev_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t len, const
 	mio_oow_t cwq_extra_aligned, cwqfl_index;
 	int x;
 
-	if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED)
+	if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED)
 	{
 		mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_ENOCAPA, "unable to write to closed device");
 		return -1;
@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ static int __dev_write (mio_dev_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t len, const
 		goto enqueue_data;
 	}
 
-	if (dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM)
+	if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM)
 	{
 		/* use the do..while() loop to be able to send a zero-length data */
 		do
@@ -1123,7 +1123,7 @@ static int __dev_write (mio_dev_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t len, const
 		if (len <= 0) /* original length */
 		{
 			/* a zero-length writing request is to close the writing end */
-			dev->dev_capa |= MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED;
+			dev->dev_cap |= MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED;
 		}
 
 		/* if i trigger the write completion callback here, the performance
@@ -1152,15 +1152,12 @@ static int __dev_write (mio_dev_t* dev, const void* data, mio_iolen_t len, const
 	return 1; /* written immediately and called on_write callback */
 
 enqueue_data:
-#if 0
-	/* TODO: DO WE REALLY NEED THIS CAPABILITY CHECK?  If not, undefine MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_QUEUED */
-	if (!(dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_QUEUED)) 
+	if (dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_UNQUEUEABLE)
 	{
 		/* writing queuing is not requested. so return failure */
 		mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_ENOCAPA, "device incapable of queuing");
 		return -1;
 	}
-#endif
 
 	/* queue the remaining data*/
 	q = (mio_wq_t*)mio_allocmem(mio, MIO_SIZEOF(*q) + (dstaddr? dstaddr->len: 0) + urem);
@@ -1206,7 +1203,7 @@ enqueue_data:
 	}
 
 	MIO_WQ_ENQ (&dev->wq, q);
-	if (!(dev->dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_WATCHED))
+	if (!(dev->dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_WATCHED))
 	{
 		/* if output is not being watched, arrange to do so */
 		if (mio_dev_watch(dev, MIO_DEV_WATCH_RENEW, 0) <= -1)
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio.h b/mio/lib/mio.h
index 2568f31..63a8945 100644
--- a/mio/lib/mio.h
+++ b/mio/lib/mio.h
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ struct mio_wq_t
 #define MIO_DEV_HEADERS \
 	mio_t*          mio; \
 	mio_oow_t       dev_size; \
-	int             dev_capa; \
+	int             dev_cap; \
 	mio_dev_mth_t*  dev_mth; \
 	mio_dev_evcb_t* dev_evcb; \
 	mio_ntime_t     rtmout; \
@@ -332,32 +332,32 @@ struct mio_dev_t
 	MIO_DEV_HEADERS;
 };
 
-enum mio_dev_capa_t
+enum mio_dev_cap_t
 {
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_VIRTUAL      = (1 << 0),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN           = (1 << 1),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT          = (1 << 2),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_PRI          = (1 << 3),  /* meaningful only if #MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN is set */
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM       = (1 << 4),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_DISABLED  = (1 << 5),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_QUEUED   = (1 << 6),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_ALL_MASK     = (MIO_DEV_CAPA_VIRTUAL | MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT | MIO_DEV_CAPA_PRI | MIO_DEV_CAPA_STREAM | MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_DISABLED | MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_QUEUED),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_VIRTUAL         = (1 << 0),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_IN              = (1 << 1),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT             = (1 << 2),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_PRI             = (1 << 3),  /* meaningful only if #MIO_DEV_CAP_IN is set */
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM          = (1 << 4),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_DISABLED     = (1 << 5),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_UNQUEUEABLE = (1 << 6),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_ALL_MASK        = (MIO_DEV_CAP_VIRTUAL | MIO_DEV_CAP_IN | MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT | MIO_DEV_CAP_PRI | MIO_DEV_CAP_STREAM | MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_DISABLED | MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_UNQUEUEABLE),
 
 	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
 	 * the followings bits are for internal use only. 
-	 * never set these bits to the dev_capa field.
+	 * never set these bits to the dev_cap field.
 	 * ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_CLOSED      = (1 << 10),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_CLOSED     = (1 << 11),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_WATCHED     = (1 << 12),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_WATCHED    = (1 << 13),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_PRI_WATCHED    = (1 << 14), /**< can be set only if MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_WATCHED is set */
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_ACTIVE         = (1 << 15),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_HALTED         = (1 << 16),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_ZOMBIE         = (1 << 17),
-	MIO_DEV_CAPA_RENEW_REQUIRED = (1 << 18)
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_CLOSED       = (1 << 10),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_CLOSED      = (1 << 11),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_WATCHED      = (1 << 12),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_WATCHED     = (1 << 13),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_PRI_WATCHED     = (1 << 14), /**< can be set only if MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_WATCHED is set */
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_ACTIVE          = (1 << 15),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_HALTED          = (1 << 16),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_ZOMBIE          = (1 << 17),
+	MIO_DEV_CAP_RENEW_REQUIRED  = (1 << 18)
 };
-typedef enum mio_dev_capa_t mio_dev_capa_t;
+typedef enum mio_dev_cap_t mio_dev_cap_t;
 
 enum mio_dev_watch_cmd_t
 {
@@ -693,6 +693,10 @@ MIO_EXPORT void mio_killdev (
 	mio_dev_t* dev
 );
 
+MIO_EXPORT void mio_dev_halt (
+	mio_dev_t* dev
+);
+
 MIO_EXPORT int mio_dev_ioctl (
 	mio_dev_t*  dev,
 	int         cmd,
@@ -744,9 +748,6 @@ MIO_EXPORT int mio_dev_timedwrite (
 	const mio_devaddr_t* dstaddr
 );
 
-MIO_EXPORT void mio_dev_halt (
-	mio_dev_t* dev
-);
 
 /* =========================================================================
  * TIMER MANAGEMENT
diff --git a/mio/lib/sys-mux.c b/mio/lib/sys-mux.c
index 32279b1..2ef4ad4 100644
--- a/mio/lib/sys-mux.c
+++ b/mio/lib/sys-mux.c
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ void mio_sys_finimux (mio_t* mio)
 #endif
 }
 
-int mio_sys_ctrlmux (mio_t* mio, mio_sys_mux_cmd_t cmd, mio_dev_t* dev, int dev_capa)
+int mio_sys_ctrlmux (mio_t* mio, mio_sys_mux_cmd_t cmd, mio_dev_t* dev, int dev_cap)
 {
 #if defined(USE_POLL)
 	mio_sys_mux_t* mux = &mio->sysdep->mux;
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ int mio_sys_ctrlmux (mio_t* mio, mio_sys_mux_cmd_t cmd, mio_dev_t* dev, int dev_
 
 			mux->pd.pfd[idx].fd = hnd;
 			mux->pd.pfd[idx].events = 0;
-			if (dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_WATCHED) mux->pd.pfd[idx].events |= POLLIN;
-			if (dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_WATCHED) mux->pd.pfd[idx].events |= POLLOUT;
+			if (dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_WATCHED) mux->pd.pfd[idx].events |= POLLIN;
+			if (dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_WATCHED) mux->pd.pfd[idx].events |= POLLOUT;
 			mux->pd.pfd[idx].revents = 0;
 			mux->pd.dptr[idx] = dev;
 
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ int mio_sys_ctrlmux (mio_t* mio, mio_sys_mux_cmd_t cmd, mio_dev_t* dev, int dev_
 		case MIO_SYS_MUX_CMD_UPDATE:
 			MIO_ASSERT (mio, mux->pd.dptr[idx] == dev);
 			mux->pd.pfd[idx].events = 0;
-			if (dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_WATCHED) mux->pd.pfd[idx].events |= POLLIN;
-			if (dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_WATCHED) mux->pd.pfd[idx].events |= POLLOUT;
+			if (dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_WATCHED) mux->pd.pfd[idx].events |= POLLIN;
+			if (dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_WATCHED) mux->pd.pfd[idx].events |= POLLOUT;
 			return 0;
 
 		case MIO_SYS_MUX_CMD_DELETE:
@@ -194,16 +194,16 @@ int mio_sys_ctrlmux (mio_t* mio, mio_sys_mux_cmd_t cmd, mio_dev_t* dev, int dev_
 	ev.data.ptr = dev;
 	ev.events = EPOLLHUP | EPOLLERR /*| EPOLLET*/;
 
-	if (dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_IN_WATCHED) 
+	if (dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_IN_WATCHED) 
 	{
 		ev.events |= EPOLLIN;
 	#if defined(EPOLLRDHUP)
 		ev.events |= EPOLLRDHUP;
 	#endif
-		if (dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_PRI_WATCHED) ev.events |= EPOLLPRI;
+		if (dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_PRI_WATCHED) ev.events |= EPOLLPRI;
 	}
 
-	if (dev_capa & MIO_DEV_CAPA_OUT_WATCHED) ev.events |= EPOLLOUT;
+	if (dev_cap & MIO_DEV_CAP_OUT_WATCHED) ev.events |= EPOLLOUT;
 
 	if (epoll_ctl(mux->hnd, epoll_cmd[cmd], dev->dev_mth->getsyshnd(dev), &ev) == -1)
 	{
diff --git a/mio/lib/utl.c b/mio/lib/utl.c
index 3a4bb31..1811eca 100644
--- a/mio/lib/utl.c
+++ b/mio/lib/utl.c
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ MIO_INLINE int mio_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr (
 				break;
 			}
 
-			n = cmgr->bctouc (p, mlen, q);
+			n = cmgr->bctouc(p, mlen, q);
 			if (n == 0)
 			{
 				/* invalid sequence */
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ MIO_INLINE int mio_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr (
 		{
 			mio_oow_t n;
 
-			n = cmgr->bctouc (p, mlen, &w);
+			n = cmgr->bctouc(p, mlen, &w);
 			if (n == 0)
 			{
 				/* invalid sequence */