diff --git a/mio/Makefile.in b/mio/Makefile.in
index 71acc1c..c321188 100644
--- a/mio/Makefile.in
+++ b/mio/Makefile.in
@@ -164,8 +164,8 @@ am__DIST_COMMON = $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_srcdir)/ac/ar-lib \
 	$(top_srcdir)/ac/compile $(top_srcdir)/ac/config.guess \
 	$(top_srcdir)/ac/config.sub $(top_srcdir)/ac/install-sh \
 	$(top_srcdir)/ac/ltmain.sh $(top_srcdir)/ac/missing ac/ar-lib \
-	ac/compile ac/config.guess ac/config.sub ac/install-sh \
-	ac/ltmain.sh ac/missing
+	ac/compile ac/config.guess ac/config.sub ac/depcomp \
+	ac/install-sh ac/ltmain.sh ac/missing
 DISTFILES = $(DIST_COMMON) $(DIST_SOURCES) $(TEXINFOS) $(EXTRA_DIST)
 distdir = $(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)
 top_distdir = $(distdir)
diff --git a/mio/bin/t01.c b/mio/bin/t01.c
index 6ac7eb3..ec204de 100644
--- a/mio/bin/t01.c
+++ b/mio/bin/t01.c
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ done:
 
 static void on_dnc_resolve_brief (mio_svc_dnc_t* dnc, mio_dns_msg_t* reqmsg, mio_errnum_t status, const void* data, mio_oow_t dlen)
 {
-	if (data) /* status must be HAWK_ENOERR */
+	if (data) /* status must be MIO_ENOERR */
 	{
 		mio_dns_brr_t* brr = (mio_dns_brr_t*)data;
 
diff --git a/mio/configure b/mio/configure
index cc7c625..c286dac 100755
--- a/mio/configure
+++ b/mio/configure
@@ -20043,6 +20043,207 @@ _ACEOF
 
 
 
+
+
+
+		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking numeric value of PATH_MAX" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking numeric value of PATH_MAX... " >&6; }
+if ${ax_cv_numvalof_PATH_MAX+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  if ac_fn_c_compute_int "$LINENO" "(PATH_MAX)" "ax_cv_numvalof_PATH_MAX"        "#include <limits.h>
+"; then :
+
+else
+  ax_cv_numvalof_PATH_MAX=0
+fi
+
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ax_cv_numvalof_PATH_MAX" >&5
+$as_echo "$ax_cv_numvalof_PATH_MAX" >&6; }
+
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define NUMVALOF_PATH_MAX $ax_cv_numvalof_PATH_MAX
+_ACEOF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking numeric value of NSIG" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking numeric value of NSIG... " >&6; }
+if ${ax_cv_numvalof_NSIG+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  if ac_fn_c_compute_int "$LINENO" "(NSIG)" "ax_cv_numvalof_NSIG"        "#include <signal.h>
+"; then :
+
+else
+  ax_cv_numvalof_NSIG=32
+fi
+
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ax_cv_numvalof_NSIG" >&5
+$as_echo "$ax_cv_numvalof_NSIG" >&6; }
+
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define NUMVALOF_NSIG $ax_cv_numvalof_NSIG
+_ACEOF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking numeric value of AF_UNSPEC" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking numeric value of AF_UNSPEC... " >&6; }
+if ${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNSPEC+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  if ac_fn_c_compute_int "$LINENO" "(AF_UNSPEC)" "ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNSPEC"        "#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <netinet/in.h>
+"; then :
+
+else
+  ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNSPEC=0
+fi
+
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNSPEC" >&5
+$as_echo "$ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNSPEC" >&6; }
+
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define NUMVALOF_AF_UNSPEC $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNSPEC
+_ACEOF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking numeric value of AF_INET" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking numeric value of AF_INET... " >&6; }
+if ${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  if ac_fn_c_compute_int "$LINENO" "(AF_INET)" "ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET"        "#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <netinet/in.h>
+"; then :
+
+else
+  ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET=-1
+fi
+
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET" >&5
+$as_echo "$ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET" >&6; }
+
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define NUMVALOF_AF_INET $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET
+_ACEOF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking numeric value of AF_INET6" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking numeric value of AF_INET6... " >&6; }
+if ${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET6+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  if ac_fn_c_compute_int "$LINENO" "(AF_INET6)" "ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET6"        "#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <netinet/in.h>
+"; then :
+
+else
+  ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET6=-2
+fi
+
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET6" >&5
+$as_echo "$ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET6" >&6; }
+
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define NUMVALOF_AF_INET6 $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET6
+_ACEOF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking numeric value of AF_PACKET" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking numeric value of AF_PACKET... " >&6; }
+if ${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_PACKET+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  if ac_fn_c_compute_int "$LINENO" "(AF_PACKET)" "ax_cv_numvalof_AF_PACKET"        "#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <netinet/in.h>
+"; then :
+
+else
+  ax_cv_numvalof_AF_PACKET=-3
+fi
+
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_PACKET" >&5
+$as_echo "$ax_cv_numvalof_AF_PACKET" >&6; }
+
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define NUMVALOF_AF_PACKET $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_PACKET
+_ACEOF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+		{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking numeric value of AF_UNIX" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking numeric value of AF_UNIX... " >&6; }
+if ${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNIX+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  if ac_fn_c_compute_int "$LINENO" "(AF_UNIX)" "ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNIX"        "#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <sys/un.h>
+"; then :
+
+else
+  ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNIX=-4
+fi
+
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNIX" >&5
+$as_echo "$ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNIX" >&6; }
+
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define NUMVALOF_AF_UNIX $ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNIX
+_ACEOF
+
+
+
+
 if test "x${platform_win32}" = "xyes"
 then
 	# The cast to long int works around a bug in the HP C Compiler
@@ -21271,6 +21472,37 @@ cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
 _ACEOF
 
 
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define MIO_NSIG ${ax_cv_numvalof_NSIG}
+_ACEOF
+
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define MIO_AF_UNSPEC (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNSPEC})
+_ACEOF
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define MIO_AF_INET (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET})
+_ACEOF
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define MIO_AF_INET6 (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET6})
+_ACEOF
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define MIO_AF_PACKET (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_PACKET})
+_ACEOF
+
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define MIO_AF_UNIX (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNIX})
+_ACEOF
+
+
 
 cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
 #define MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN ${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_sockaddr_in}
diff --git a/mio/configure.ac b/mio/configure.ac
index 6c5f93e..898d662 100644
--- a/mio/configure.ac
+++ b/mio/configure.ac
@@ -444,6 +444,25 @@ AC_CHECK_SIZEOF(off64_t)
 AC_CHECK_SIZEOF(mbstate_t,,[#include <wchar.h>])
 AX_CHECK_NUMVALOF(MB_LEN_MAX,[32],[#include <limits.h>])
 
+AX_CHECK_NUMVALOF(PATH_MAX,[0],[#include <limits.h>])
+AX_CHECK_NUMVALOF(NSIG,[32],[#include <signal.h>])
+
+AX_CHECK_NUMVALOF(AF_UNSPEC,   [0],    [#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <netinet/in.h>])
+AX_CHECK_NUMVALOF(AF_INET,     [-1],   [#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <netinet/in.h>])
+AX_CHECK_NUMVALOF(AF_INET6,    [-2],   [#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <netinet/in.h>])
+AX_CHECK_NUMVALOF(AF_PACKET,   [-3],   [#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <netinet/in.h>])
+AX_CHECK_NUMVALOF(AF_UNIX,     [-4],   [#include <sys/types.h>
+                                        #include <sys/socket.h>
+                                        #include <sys/un.h>])
+
 if test "x${platform_win32}" = "xyes"
 then
 	AC_CHECK_SIZEOF(struct sockaddr_in,,[
@@ -785,6 +804,13 @@ AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_SIZEOF_OFF64_T, ${ac_cv_sizeof_off64_t}, [sizeof(off64_t)
 
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_SIZEOF_MBSTATE_T, ${ac_cv_sizeof_mbstate_t}, [sizeof(mbstate_t)])
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_MBLEN_MAX, ${ax_cv_numvalof_MB_LEN_MAX}, [MB_LEN_MAX])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_NSIG, ${ax_cv_numvalof_NSIG}, [NSIG])
+
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_AF_UNSPEC, (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNSPEC}), [AF_UNSPEC])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_AF_INET, (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET}), [AF_INET])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_AF_INET6, (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_INET6}), [AF_INET6])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_AF_PACKET, (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_PACKET}), [AF_PACKET])
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_AF_UNIX, (${ax_cv_numvalof_AF_UNIX}), [AF_UNIX])
 
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN, ${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_sockaddr_in}, [sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)])
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6, ${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_sockaddr_in6}, [sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6)])
diff --git a/mio/lib/Makefile.am b/mio/lib/Makefile.am
index 76c4149..428ca44 100644
--- a/mio/lib/Makefile.am
+++ b/mio/lib/Makefile.am
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ include_HEADERS = \
 	mio-pac1.h \
 	mio-pro.h \
 	mio-sck.h \
+	mio-skad.h \
 	mio-upac.h \
 	mio-utl.h \
 	mio.h
@@ -40,8 +41,7 @@ libmio_la_SOURCES = \
 	mio.c \
 	pro.c \
 	sck.c \
-	sck-addr.c \
-	sck-addr.h \
+	skad.c \
 	sys.c \
 	sys-ass.c \
 	sys-err.c \
diff --git a/mio/lib/Makefile.in b/mio/lib/Makefile.in
index 51af086..c3678b0 100644
--- a/mio/lib/Makefile.in
+++ b/mio/lib/Makefile.in
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ libmio_la_DEPENDENCIES = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_2) $(am__DEPENDENCIES_1) \
 	$(am__DEPENDENCIES_1) $(am__DEPENDENCIES_1)
 am_libmio_la_OBJECTS = libmio_la-dns.lo libmio_la-err.lo \
 	libmio_la-fmt.lo libmio_la-mio.lo libmio_la-pro.lo \
-	libmio_la-sck.lo libmio_la-sck-addr.lo libmio_la-sys.lo \
+	libmio_la-sck.lo libmio_la-skad.lo libmio_la-sys.lo \
 	libmio_la-sys-ass.lo libmio_la-sys-err.lo libmio_la-sys-log.lo \
 	libmio_la-sys-mux.lo libmio_la-sys-tim.lo libmio_la-tmr.lo \
 	libmio_la-utf8.lo libmio_la-utl.lo
@@ -170,8 +170,7 @@ am__maybe_remake_depfiles = depfiles
 am__depfiles_remade = ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-dns.Plo \
 	./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-err.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-fmt.Plo \
 	./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-mio.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-pro.Plo \
-	./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck-addr.Plo \
-	./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck.Plo \
+	./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-skad.Plo \
 	./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-ass.Plo \
 	./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-err.Plo \
 	./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-log.Plo \
@@ -401,6 +400,7 @@ include_HEADERS = \
 	mio-pac1.h \
 	mio-pro.h \
 	mio-sck.h \
+	mio-skad.h \
 	mio-upac.h \
 	mio-utl.h \
 	mio.h
@@ -415,8 +415,7 @@ libmio_la_SOURCES = \
 	mio.c \
 	pro.c \
 	sck.c \
-	sck-addr.c \
-	sck-addr.h \
+	skad.c \
 	sys.c \
 	sys-ass.c \
 	sys-err.c \
@@ -529,8 +528,8 @@ distclean-compile:
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-fmt.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-mio.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-pro.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
-@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck-addr.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-skad.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-ass.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-err.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-log.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
@@ -613,12 +612,12 @@ libmio_la-sck.lo: sck.c
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
 @am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libmio_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o libmio_la-sck.lo `test -f 'sck.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`sck.c
 
-libmio_la-sck-addr.lo: sck-addr.c
-@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libmio_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -MT libmio_la-sck-addr.lo -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck-addr.Tpo -c -o libmio_la-sck-addr.lo `test -f 'sck-addr.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`sck-addr.c
-@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) $(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck-addr.Tpo $(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck-addr.Plo
-@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC)source='sck-addr.c' object='libmio_la-sck-addr.lo' libtool=yes @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+libmio_la-skad.lo: skad.c
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libmio_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -MT libmio_la-skad.lo -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-skad.Tpo -c -o libmio_la-skad.lo `test -f 'skad.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`skad.c
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) $(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-skad.Tpo $(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-skad.Plo
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC)source='skad.c' object='libmio_la-skad.lo' libtool=yes @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
-@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libmio_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o libmio_la-sck-addr.lo `test -f 'sck-addr.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`sck-addr.c
+@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libmio_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o libmio_la-skad.lo `test -f 'skad.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`skad.c
 
 libmio_la-sys.lo: sys.c
 @am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libmio_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -MT libmio_la-sys.lo -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys.Tpo -c -o libmio_la-sys.lo `test -f 'sys.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`sys.c
@@ -843,8 +842,8 @@ distclean: distclean-am
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-fmt.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-mio.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-pro.Plo
-	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck-addr.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck.Plo
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-skad.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-ass.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-err.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-log.Plo
@@ -905,8 +904,8 @@ maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-fmt.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-mio.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-pro.Plo
-	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck-addr.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sck.Plo
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-skad.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-ass.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-err.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libmio_la-sys-log.Plo
diff --git a/mio/lib/dns.c b/mio/lib/dns.c
index 6923012..62e880c 100644
--- a/mio/lib/dns.c
+++ b/mio/lib/dns.c
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ mio_svc_dnc_t* mio_svc_dnc_start (mio_t* mio, const mio_ntime_t* send_tmout, con
 	/* TODO: bind if requested */
 	/*if (mio_dev_sck_bind(dev, ....) <= -1) goto oops;*/
 {
-mio_uint32_t ia = 0x01010199; /* 1.1.1.1 */ /* TODO: accept as parameter ... */
+mio_uint32_t ia = 0x01010101; /* 1.1.1.1 */ /* TODO: accept as parameter ... */
 	mio_sckaddr_initforip4 (&dnc->serveraddr, 53, (mio_ip4addr_t*)&ia);
 }
 
diff --git a/mio/lib/err.c b/mio/lib/err.c
index 073a8db..61c9803 100644
--- a/mio/lib/err.c
+++ b/mio/lib/err.c
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ void mio_seterrbfmtwithsyserr (mio_t* mio, int syserr_type, int syserr_code, con
 			mio->errmsg.len += mio_copy_bcstr(&mio->errmsg.buf[mio->errmsg.len], MIO_COUNTOF(mio->errmsg.buf) - mio->errmsg.len, mio->errmsg.tmpbuf.bch);
 		#else
 			ucslen = MIO_COUNTOF(mio->errmsg.buf) - mio->errmsg.len;
-			mio_convbtoucstr (mio, mio->errmsg.tmpbuf.bch, &bcslen, &mio->errmsg.buf[mio->errmsg.len], &ucslen);
+			mio_convbtoucstr (mio, mio->errmsg.tmpbuf.bch, &bcslen, &mio->errmsg.buf[mio->errmsg.len], &ucslen, 1);
 			mio->errmsg.len += ucslen;
 		#endif
 		}
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ void mio_seterrufmtwithsyserr (mio_t* mio, int syserr_type, int syserr_code, con
 			mio->errmsg.len += mio_copy_bcstr(&mio->errmsg.buf[mio->errmsg.len], MIO_COUNTOF(mio->errmsg.buf) - mio->errmsg.len, mio->errmsg.tmpbuf.bch);
 		#else
 			ucslen = MIO_COUNTOF(mio->errmsg.buf) - mio->errmsg.len;
-			mio_convbtoucstr (mio, mio->errmsg.tmpbuf.bch, &bcslen, &mio->errmsg.buf[mio->errmsg.len], &ucslen);
+			mio_convbtoucstr (mio, mio->errmsg.tmpbuf.bch, &bcslen, &mio->errmsg.buf[mio->errmsg.len], &ucslen, 1);
 			mio->errmsg.len += ucslen;
 		#endif
 		}
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio-cfg.h.in b/mio/lib/mio-cfg.h.in
index 87c6888..a7fdd2a 100644
--- a/mio/lib/mio-cfg.h.in
+++ b/mio/lib/mio-cfg.h.in
@@ -744,6 +744,21 @@
 /* Define to the sub-directory where libtool stores uninstalled libraries. */
 #undef LT_OBJDIR
 
+/* AF_INET */
+#undef MIO_AF_INET
+
+/* AF_INET6 */
+#undef MIO_AF_INET6
+
+/* AF_PACKET */
+#undef MIO_AF_PACKET
+
+/* AF_UNIX */
+#undef MIO_AF_UNIX
+
+/* AF_UNSPEC */
+#undef MIO_AF_UNSPEC
+
 /* use libunwind for backtracing stack frames */
 #undef MIO_ENABLE_LIBUNWIND
 
@@ -762,6 +777,9 @@
 /* MB_LEN_MAX */
 #undef MIO_MBLEN_MAX
 
+/* NSIG */
+#undef MIO_NSIG
+
 /* offsetof(struct sockaddr, sa_family) */
 #undef MIO_OFFSETOF_SA_FAMILY
 
@@ -873,9 +891,30 @@
 /* Unicode character type size */
 #undef MIO_UNICODE_SIZE
 
+/* The size of `AF_INET', as computed by valueof. */
+#undef NUMVALOF_AF_INET
+
+/* The size of `AF_INET6', as computed by valueof. */
+#undef NUMVALOF_AF_INET6
+
+/* The size of `AF_PACKET', as computed by valueof. */
+#undef NUMVALOF_AF_PACKET
+
+/* The size of `AF_UNIX', as computed by valueof. */
+#undef NUMVALOF_AF_UNIX
+
+/* The size of `AF_UNSPEC', as computed by valueof. */
+#undef NUMVALOF_AF_UNSPEC
+
 /* The size of `MB_LEN_MAX', as computed by valueof. */
 #undef NUMVALOF_MB_LEN_MAX
 
+/* The size of `NSIG', as computed by valueof. */
+#undef NUMVALOF_NSIG
+
+/* The size of `PATH_MAX', as computed by valueof. */
+#undef NUMVALOF_PATH_MAX
+
 /* Name of package */
 #undef PACKAGE
 
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio-skad.h b/mio/lib/mio-skad.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f6c0ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mio/lib/mio-skad.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ *
+    Copyright (c) 2006-2019 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _MIO_SKAD_H_
+#define _MIO_SKAD_H_
+
+#include <mio.h>
+
+
+#define MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T 1
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN > MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T)
+#	undef MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T
+#	define MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN
+#endif
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T)
+#	undef MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T
+#	define MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6
+#endif
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_LL > MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T)
+#	undef MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T
+#	define MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_LL
+#endif
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN > MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T)
+#	undef MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T
+#	define MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
+#endif
+
+struct mio_skad_t
+{
+	mio_uint8_t data[MIO_SIZEOF_SKAD_T];
+};
+typedef struct mio_skad_t mio_skad_t;
+
+
+#define MIO_SKAD_TO_OOCSTR_ADDR (1 << 0)
+#define MIO_SKAD_TO_OOCSTR_PORT (1 << 0)
+#define MIO_SKAD_TO_UCSTR_ADDR MIO_SKAD_TO_OOCSTR_ADDR
+#define MIO_SKAD_TO_UCSTR_PORT MIO_SKAD_TO_OOCSTR_PORT
+#define MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR MIO_SKAD_TO_OOCSTR_ADDR
+#define MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_PORT MIO_SKAD_TO_OOCSTR_PORT
+
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+MIO_EXPORT int mio_skad_family (
+	const mio_skad_t* skad
+);
+
+MIO_EXPORT int mio_skad_size (
+	const mio_skad_t* skad
+);
+
+MIO_EXPORT void mio_clear_skad (
+	mio_skad_t* skad
+);
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/mio/lib/mio.h b/mio/lib/mio.h
index 1772540..32751dc 100644
--- a/mio/lib/mio.h
+++ b/mio/lib/mio.h
@@ -907,7 +907,8 @@ MIO_EXPORT int mio_convbtouchars (
 	const mio_bch_t* bcs,
 	mio_oow_t*       bcslen,
 	mio_uch_t*       ucs,
-	mio_oow_t*       ucslen
+	mio_oow_t*       ucslen,
+	int              all
 );
 
 MIO_EXPORT int mio_convutobchars (
@@ -927,7 +928,8 @@ MIO_EXPORT int mio_convbtoucstr (
 	const mio_bch_t* bcs,
 	mio_oow_t*       bcslen,
 	mio_uch_t*       ucs,
-	mio_oow_t*       ucslen
+	mio_oow_t*       ucslen,
+	int              all
 );
 
 
@@ -946,23 +948,23 @@ MIO_EXPORT int mio_convutobcstr (
 
 #if defined(MIO_OOCH_IS_UCH)
 #	define mio_dupootobcharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,oocslen,bcslen) mio_duputobcharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,oocslen,bcslen)
-#	define mio_dupbtooocharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,bcs,bcslen,oocslen) mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,bcs,bcslen,oocslen)
+#	define mio_dupbtooocharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,bcs,bcslen,oocslen,all) mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,bcs,bcslen,oocslen,all)
 #	define mio_dupootobchars(mio,oocs,oocslen,bcslen) mio_duputobchars(mio,oocs,oocslen,bcslen)
-#	define mio_dupbtooochars(mio,bcs,bcslen,oocslen) mio_dupbtouchars(mio,bcs,bcslen,oocslen)
+#	define mio_dupbtooochars(mio,bcs,bcslen,oocslen,all) mio_dupbtouchars(mio,bcs,bcslen,oocslen,all)
 
 #	define mio_dupootobcstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,bcslen) mio_duputobcstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,bcslen)
-#	define mio_dupbtooocstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,bcs,oocslen) mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,bcs,oocslen)
+#	define mio_dupbtooocstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,bcs,oocslen,all) mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,bcs,oocslen,all)
 #	define mio_dupootobcstr(mio,oocs,bcslen) mio_duputobcstr(mio,oocs,bcslen)
-#	define mio_dupbtooocstr(mio,bcs,oocslen) mio_dupbtoucstr(mio,bcs,oocslen)
+#	define mio_dupbtooocstr(mio,bcs,oocslen,all) mio_dupbtoucstr(mio,bcs,oocslen,all)
 #else
-#	define mio_dupootoucharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,oocslen,ucslen) mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,oocslen,ucslen)
+#	define mio_dupootoucharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,oocslen,ucslen,all) mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,oocslen,ucslen,all)
 #	define mio_duputooocharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,ucs,ucslen,oocslen) mio_duputobcharswithheadroom(mio,hrb,ucs,ucslen,oocslen)
-#	define mio_dupootouchars(mio,oocs,oocslen,ucslen) mio_dupbtouchars(mio,oocs,oocslen,ucslen)
+#	define mio_dupootouchars(mio,oocs,oocslen,ucslen,all) mio_dupbtouchars(mio,oocs,oocslen,ucslen,all)
 #	define mio_duputooochars(mio,ucs,ucslen,oocslen) mio_duputobchars(mio,ucs,ucslen,oocslen)
 
-#	define mio_dupootoucstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,ucslen) mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,ucslen)
+#	define mio_dupootoucstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,ucslen,all) mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,oocs,ucslen,all)
 #	define mio_duputooocstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,ucs,oocslen) mio_duputobcstrwithheadroom(mio,hrb,ucs,oocslen)
-#	define mio_dupootoucstr(mio,oocs,ucslen) mio_dupbtoucstr(mio,oocs,ucslen)
+#	define mio_dupootoucstr(mio,oocs,ucslen,all) mio_dupbtoucstr(mio,oocs,ucslen,all)
 #	define mio_duputooocstr(mio,ucs,oocslen) mio_duputobcstr(mio,ucs,oocslen)
 #endif
 
@@ -972,7 +974,8 @@ MIO_EXPORT mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom (
 	mio_oow_t        headroom_bytes,
 	const mio_bch_t* bcs,
 	mio_oow_t        bcslen,
-	mio_oow_t*       ucslen
+	mio_oow_t*       ucslen,
+	int              all
 );
 
 MIO_EXPORT mio_bch_t* mio_duputobcharswithheadroom (
@@ -987,7 +990,8 @@ MIO_EXPORT mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtouchars (
 	mio_t*           mio,
 	const mio_bch_t* bcs,
 	mio_oow_t        bcslen,
-	mio_oow_t*       ucslen
+	mio_oow_t*       ucslen,
+	int              all
 );
 
 MIO_EXPORT mio_bch_t* mio_duputobchars (
@@ -1002,7 +1006,8 @@ MIO_EXPORT mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom (
 	mio_t*           mio,
 	mio_oow_t        headroom_bytes,
 	const mio_bch_t* bcs,
-	mio_oow_t*       ucslen
+	mio_oow_t*       ucslen,
+	int              all
 );
 
 MIO_EXPORT mio_bch_t* mio_duputobcstrwithheadroom (
@@ -1015,7 +1020,8 @@ MIO_EXPORT mio_bch_t* mio_duputobcstrwithheadroom (
 MIO_EXPORT mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucstr (
 	mio_t*           mio,
 	const mio_bch_t* bcs,
-	mio_oow_t*       ucslen /* optional: length of returned string */
+	mio_oow_t*       ucslen, /* optional: length of returned string */
+	int              all
 );
 
 MIO_EXPORT mio_bch_t* mio_duputobcstr (
diff --git a/mio/lib/sck-addr.c b/mio/lib/sck-addr.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 80f9552..0000000
--- a/mio/lib/sck-addr.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * $Id$
- *
-    Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
-
-    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-    are met:
-    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-
-    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
-    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WAfRRANTIES
-    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
-    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
-    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
-    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
-    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
-    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
-    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
-    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-
-#include "mio-prv.h"
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-
-#if defined(HAVE_NETINET_IN_H)
-#	include <netinet/in.h>
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_SYS_UN_H)
-#	include <sys/un.h>
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_NETPACKET_PACKET_H)
-#	include <netpacket/packet.h>
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_NET_IF_DL_H)
-#	include <net/if_dl.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-
-union sockaddr_t
-{
-	struct sockaddr    sa;
-#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN > 0)
-	struct sockaddr_in in4;
-#endif
-#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
-	struct sockaddr_in6 in6;
-#endif
-#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_LL > 0)
-	struct sockaddr_ll ll;
-#endif
-#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN > 0)
-	struct sockaddr_un un;
-#endif
-};
-typedef union sockaddr_t sockaddr_t;
-
-#undef char_t
-#undef cstr_t
-#undef str_to_sockaddr
-#undef str_to_ipv4
-#undef str_to_ipv6
-#define CHAR_T_IS_BCH
-#undef CHAR_T_IS_UCH
-#define char_t mio_bch_t
-#define cstr_t mio_bcs_t
-#define str_to_sockaddr bcstr_to_sockaddr
-#define str_to_ipv4 bcstr_to_ipv4
-#define str_to_ipv6 bcstr_to_ipv6
-#include "sck-addr.h"
-
-
-#undef char_t
-#undef cstr_t
-#undef str_to_sockaddr
-#undef str_to_ipv4
-#undef str_to_ipv6
-#undef CHAR_T_IS_BCH
-#define CHAR_T_IS_UCH
-#define char_t mio_uch_t
-#define cstr_t mio_ucs_t
-#define str_to_sockaddr ucstr_to_sockaddr
-#define str_to_ipv4 ucstr_to_ipv4
-#define str_to_ipv6 ucstr_to_ipv6
-#include "sck-addr.h"
diff --git a/mio/lib/sck-addr.h b/mio/lib/sck-addr.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 011b88d..0000000
--- a/mio/lib/sck-addr.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,409 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * $Id$
- *
-    Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
-
-    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-    are met:
-    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-
-    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
-    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
-    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
-    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
-    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
-    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
-    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
-    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
-    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
-    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-/* this file is included by sck-addr.c */
-
-static int str_to_ipv4 (const char_t* str, mio_oow_t len, struct in_addr* inaddr)
-{
-	const char_t* end;
-	int dots = 0, digits = 0;
-	mio_uint32_t acc = 0, addr = 0;
-	char_t c;
-
-	end = str + len;
-
-	do
-	{
-		if (str >= end)
-		{
-			if (dots < 3 || digits == 0) return -1;
-			addr = (addr << 8) | acc;
-			break;
-		}
-
-		c = *str++;
-
-		if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') 
-		{
-			if (digits > 0 && acc == 0) return -1;
-			acc = acc * 10 + (c - '0');
-			if (acc > 255) return -1;
-			digits++;
-		}
-		else if (c == '.') 
-		{
-			if (dots >= 3 || digits == 0) return -1;
-			addr = (addr << 8) | acc;
-			dots++; acc = 0; digits = 0;
-		}
-		else return -1;
-	}
-	while (1);
-
-	inaddr->s_addr = mio_hton32(addr);
-	return 0;
-
-}
-
-#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
-static int str_to_ipv6 (const char_t* src, mio_oow_t len, struct in6_addr* inaddr)
-{
-	mio_uint8_t* tp, * endp, * colonp;
-	const char_t* curtok;
-	char_t ch;
-	int saw_xdigit;
-	unsigned int val;
-	const char_t* src_end;
-
-	src_end = src + len;
-
-	MIO_MEMSET (inaddr, 0, MIO_SIZEOF(*inaddr));
-	tp = &inaddr->s6_addr[0];
-	endp = &inaddr->s6_addr[MIO_COUNTOF(inaddr->s6_addr)];
-	colonp = MIO_NULL;
-
-	/* Leading :: requires some special handling. */
-	if (src < src_end && *src == ':')
-	{
-		src++;
-		if (src >= src_end || *src != ':') return -1;
-	}
-
-	curtok = src;
-	saw_xdigit = 0;
-	val = 0;
-
-	while (src < src_end)
-	{
-		int v1;
-
-		ch = *src++;
-
-		if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
-			v1 = ch - '0';
-		else if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'F')
-			v1 = ch - 'A' + 10;
-		else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'f')
-			v1 = ch - 'a' + 10;
-		else v1 = -1;
-		if (v1 >= 0)
-		{
-			val <<= 4;
-			val |= v1;
-			if (val > 0xffff) return -1;
-			saw_xdigit = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		if (ch == ':') 
-		{
-			curtok = src;
-			if (!saw_xdigit) 
-			{
-				if (colonp) return -1;
-				colonp = tp;
-				continue;
-			}
-			else if (src >= src_end)
-			{
-				/* a colon can't be the last character */
-				return -1;
-			}
-
-			*tp++ = (mio_uint8_t)(val >> 8) & 0xff;
-			*tp++ = (mio_uint8_t)val & 0xff;
-			saw_xdigit = 0;
-			val = 0;
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		if (ch == '.' && ((tp + MIO_SIZEOF(struct in_addr)) <= endp) &&
-		    str_to_ipv4(curtok, src_end - curtok, (struct in_addr*)tp) == 0) 
-		{
-			tp += MIO_SIZEOF(struct in_addr*);
-			saw_xdigit = 0;
-			break; 
-		}
-
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	if (saw_xdigit) 
-	{
-		if (tp + MIO_SIZEOF(mio_uint16_t) > endp) return -1;
-		*tp++ = (mio_uint8_t)(val >> 8) & 0xff;
-		*tp++ = (mio_uint8_t)val & 0xff;
-	}
-	if (colonp != MIO_NULL) 
-	{
-		/*
-		 * Since some memmove()'s erroneously fail to handle
-		 * overlapping regions, we'll do the shift by hand.
-		 */
-		mio_oow_t n = tp - colonp;
-		mio_oow_t i;
- 
-		for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) 
-		{
-			endp[-i] = colonp[n - i];
-			colonp[n - i] = 0;
-		}
-		tp = endp;
-	}
-
-	if (tp != endp) return -1;
-
-	return 0;
-}
-#endif
-
-
-static int str_to_sockaddr (mio_t* mio, const char_t* str, mio_oow_t len, sockaddr_t* nwad)
-{
-	const char_t* p;
-	const char_t* end;
-	cstr_t tmp;
-
-	p = str;
-	end = str + len;
-
-	if (p >= end) 
-	{
-		mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "blank address");
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	MIO_MEMSET (nwad, 0, MIO_SIZEOF(*nwad));
-
-#if defined(AF_UNIX)
-	if (*p == '/' && len >= 2)
-	{
-	#if defined(CHAR_T_IS_BCH)
-		mio_copy_bcstr (nwad->un.sun_path, MIO_COUNTOF(nwad->un.sun_path), str);
-	#else
-		mio_oow_t dstlen;
-
-		dstlen = MIO_COUNTOF(nwad->un.sun_path) - 1;
-		if (mio_convutobchars(mio, p, &len, nwad->un.sun_path, &dstlen) <= -1) 
-		{
-			mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "unable to convert encoding");
-			return -1;
-		}
-		nwad->un.sun_path[dstlen] = '\0';
-	#endif
-		nwad->un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
-		return 0;
-	}
-#endif
-
-#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
-	if (*p == '[')
-	{
-		/* IPv6 address */
-		tmp.ptr = (char_t*)++p; /* skip [ and remember the position */
-		while (p < end && *p != '%' && *p != ']') p++;
-
-		if (p >= end) goto no_rbrack;
-
-		tmp.len = p - tmp.ptr;
-		if (*p == '%')
-		{
-			/* handle scope id */
-			mio_uint32_t x;
-
-			p++; /* skip % */
-
-			if (p >= end)
-			{
-				/* premature end */
-				mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "scope id blank");
-				return -1;
-			}
-
-			if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') 
-			{
-				/* numeric scope id */
-				nwad->in6.sin6_scope_id = 0;
-				do
-				{
-					x = nwad->in6.sin6_scope_id * 10 + (*p - '0');
-					if (x < nwad->in6.sin6_scope_id) 
-					{
-						mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "scope id too large");
-						return -1; /* overflow */
-					}
-					nwad->in6.sin6_scope_id = x;
-					p++;
-				}
-				while (p < end && *p >= '0' && *p <= '9');
-			}
-			else
-			{
-#if 0
-TODO:
-				/* interface name as a scope id? */
-				const char_t* stmp = p;
-				unsigned int index;
-				do p++; while (p < end && *p != ']');
-				if (mio_nwifwcsntoindex (stmp, p - stmp, &index) <= -1) return -1;
-				tmpad.u.in6.scope = index;
-#endif
-			}
-
-			if (p >= end || *p != ']') goto no_rbrack;
-		}
-		p++; /* skip ] */
-
-		if (str_to_ipv6(tmp.ptr, tmp.len, &nwad->in6.sin6_addr) <= -1) goto unrecog;
-		nwad->in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-#endif
-		/* IPv4 address */
-		tmp.ptr = (char_t*)p;
-		while (p < end && *p != ':') p++;
-		tmp.len = p - tmp.ptr;
-
-		if (str_to_ipv4(tmp.ptr, tmp.len, &nwad->in4.sin_addr) <= -1)
-		{
-		#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
-			/* check if it is an IPv6 address not enclosed in []. 
-			 * the port number can't be specified in this format. */
-			if (p >= end || *p != ':') 
-			{
-				/* without :, it can't be an ipv6 address */
-				goto unrecog;
-			}
-
-
-			while (p < end && *p != '%') p++;
-			tmp.len = p - tmp.ptr;
-
-			if (str_to_ipv6(tmp.ptr, tmp.len, &nwad->in6.sin6_addr) <= -1) goto unrecog;
-
-			if (p < end && *p == '%')
-			{
-				/* handle scope id */
-				mio_uint32_t x;
-
-				p++; /* skip % */
-
-				if (p >= end)
-				{
-					/* premature end */
-					mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "scope id blank");
-					return -1;
-				}
-
-				if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') 
-				{
-					/* numeric scope id */
-					nwad->in6.sin6_scope_id = 0;
-					do
-					{
-						x = nwad->in6.sin6_scope_id * 10 + (*p - '0');
-						if (x < nwad->in6.sin6_scope_id) 
-						{
-							mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "scope id too large");
-							return -1; /* overflow */
-						}
-						nwad->in6.sin6_scope_id = x;
-						p++;
-					}
-					while (p < end && *p >= '0' && *p <= '9');
-				}
-				else
-				{
-#if 0
-TODO
-					/* interface name as a scope id? */
-					const char_t* stmp = p;
-					unsigned int index;
-					do p++; while (p < end);
-					if (mio_nwifwcsntoindex(stmp, p - stmp, &index) <= -1) return -1;
-					nwad->in6.sin6_scope_id = index;
-#endif
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (p < end) goto unrecog; /* some gargage after the end? */
-
-			nwad->in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
-			return 0;
-		#else
-			goto unrecog;
-		#endif
-		}
-
-		nwad->in4.sin_family = AF_INET;
-#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
-	}
-#endif
-
-	if (p < end && *p == ':') 
-	{
-		/* port number */
-		mio_uint32_t port = 0;
-
-		p++; /* skip : */
-
-		tmp.ptr = (char_t*)p;
-		while (p < end && *p >= '0' && *p <= '9')
-		{
-			port = port * 10 + (*p - '0');
-			p++;
-		}
-
-		tmp.len = p - tmp.ptr;
-		if (tmp.len <= 0 || tmp.len >= 6 || 
-		    port > MIO_TYPE_MAX(mio_uint16_t)) 
-		{
-			mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "port number blank or too large");
-			return -1;
-		}
-
-	#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
-		if (nwad->in4.sin_family == AF_INET)
-			nwad->in4.sin_port = mio_hton16(port);
-		else
-			nwad->in6.sin6_port = mio_hton16(port);
-	#else
-		nwad->in4.sin_port = mio_hton16(port);
-	#endif
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-	
-	
-unrecog:
-	mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "unrecognized address");
-	return -1;
-	
-no_rbrack:
-	mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "missing right bracket");
-	return -1;
-}
diff --git a/mio/lib/skad.c b/mio/lib/skad.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8c2c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mio/lib/skad.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1001 @@
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ *
+    Copyright (c) 2006-2019 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include "mio-skad.h"
+#include "mio-prv.h"
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#if defined(HAVE_NETINET_IN_H)
+#	include <netinet/in.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(HAVE_SYS_UN_H)
+#	include <sys/un.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(HAVE_NETPACKET_PACKET_H)
+#	include <netpacket/packet.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(HAVE_NET_IF_DL_H)
+#	include <net/if_dl.h>
+#endif
+
+union mio_skad_alt_t
+{
+	struct sockaddr    sa;
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN > 0)
+	struct sockaddr_in in4;
+#endif
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
+	struct sockaddr_in6 in6;
+#endif
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_LL > 0)
+	struct sockaddr_ll ll;
+#endif
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN > 0)
+	struct sockaddr_un un;
+#endif
+};
+typedef union mio_skad_alt_t mio_skad_alt_t;
+
+
+static int str_to_ipv4 (const mio_ooch_t* str, mio_oow_t len, struct in_addr* inaddr)
+{
+	const mio_ooch_t* end;
+	int dots = 0, digits = 0;
+	mio_uint32_t acc = 0, addr = 0;
+	mio_ooch_t c;
+
+	end = str + len;
+
+	do
+	{
+		if (str >= end)
+		{
+			if (dots < 3 || digits == 0) return -1;
+			addr = (addr << 8) | acc;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		c = *str++;
+
+		if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') 
+		{
+			if (digits > 0 && acc == 0) return -1;
+			acc = acc * 10 + (c - '0');
+			if (acc > 255) return -1;
+			digits++;
+		}
+		else if (c == '.') 
+		{
+			if (dots >= 3 || digits == 0) return -1;
+			addr = (addr << 8) | acc;
+			dots++; acc = 0; digits = 0;
+		}
+		else return -1;
+	}
+	while (1);
+
+	inaddr->s_addr = mio_hton32(addr);
+	return 0;
+
+}
+
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
+static int str_to_ipv6 (const mio_ooch_t* src, mio_oow_t len, struct in6_addr* inaddr)
+{
+	mio_uint8_t* tp, * endp, * colonp;
+	const mio_ooch_t* curtok;
+	mio_ooch_t ch;
+	int saw_xdigit;
+	unsigned int val;
+	const mio_ooch_t* src_end;
+
+	src_end = src + len;
+
+	MIO_MEMSET (inaddr, 0, MIO_SIZEOF(*inaddr));
+	tp = &inaddr->s6_addr[0];
+	endp = &inaddr->s6_addr[MIO_COUNTOF(inaddr->s6_addr)];
+	colonp = MIO_NULL;
+
+	/* Leading :: requires some special handling. */
+	if (src < src_end && *src == ':')
+	{
+		src++;
+		if (src >= src_end || *src != ':') return -1;
+	}
+
+	curtok = src;
+	saw_xdigit = 0;
+	val = 0;
+
+	while (src < src_end)
+	{
+		int v1;
+
+		ch = *src++;
+
+		if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
+			v1 = ch - '0';
+		else if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'F')
+			v1 = ch - 'A' + 10;
+		else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'f')
+			v1 = ch - 'a' + 10;
+		else v1 = -1;
+		if (v1 >= 0)
+		{
+			val <<= 4;
+			val |= v1;
+			if (val > 0xffff) return -1;
+			saw_xdigit = 1;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch == ':') 
+		{
+			curtok = src;
+			if (!saw_xdigit) 
+			{
+				if (colonp) return -1;
+				colonp = tp;
+				continue;
+			}
+			else if (src >= src_end)
+			{
+				/* a colon can't be the last character */
+				return -1;
+			}
+
+			*tp++ = (mio_uint8_t)(val >> 8) & 0xff;
+			*tp++ = (mio_uint8_t)val & 0xff;
+			saw_xdigit = 0;
+			val = 0;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch == '.' && ((tp + MIO_SIZEOF(struct in_addr)) <= endp) &&
+		    str_to_ipv4(curtok, src_end - curtok, (struct in_addr*)tp) == 0) 
+		{
+			tp += MIO_SIZEOF(struct in_addr*);
+			saw_xdigit = 0;
+			break; 
+		}
+
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (saw_xdigit) 
+	{
+		if (tp + MIO_SIZEOF(mio_uint16_t) > endp) return -1;
+		*tp++ = (mio_uint8_t)(val >> 8) & 0xff;
+		*tp++ = (mio_uint8_t)val & 0xff;
+	}
+	if (colonp != MIO_NULL) 
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Since some memmove()'s erroneously fail to handle
+		 * overlapping regions, we'll do the shift by hand.
+		 */
+		mio_oow_t n = tp - colonp;
+		mio_oow_t i;
+ 
+		for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) 
+		{
+			endp[-i] = colonp[n - i];
+			colonp[n - i] = 0;
+		}
+		tp = endp;
+	}
+
+	if (tp != endp) return -1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+int mio_oocharstoskad (mio_t* mio, const mio_ooch_t* str, mio_oow_t len, mio_skad_t* _skad)
+{
+	mio_skad_alt_t* skad = (mio_skad_alt_t*)_skad;
+	const mio_ooch_t* p;
+	const mio_ooch_t* end;
+	mio_oocs_t tmp;
+
+	p = str;
+	end = str + len;
+
+	if (p >= end) 
+	{
+		mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "blank address");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	MIO_MEMSET (skad, 0, MIO_SIZEOF(*skad));
+
+#if defined(AF_UNIX)
+	if (*p == '/' && len >= 2)
+	{
+	#if defined(MIO_OOCH_IS_BCH)
+		mio_copy_bcstr (skad->un.sun_path, MIO_COUNTOF(skad->un.sun_path), str);
+	#else
+		mio_oow_t dstlen;
+		dstlen = MIO_COUNTOF(skad->un.sun_path) - 1;
+		if (mio_convutobchars(mio, p, &len, skad->un.sun_path, &dstlen) <= -1) return -1;
+		skad->un.sun_path[dstlen] = '\0';
+	#endif
+		skad->un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
+		return 0;
+	}
+#endif
+
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
+	if (*p == '[')
+	{
+		/* IPv6 address */
+		tmp.ptr = (mio_ooch_t*)++p; /* skip [ and remember the position */
+		while (p < end && *p != '%' && *p != ']') p++;
+
+		if (p >= end) goto no_rbrack;
+
+		tmp.len = p - tmp.ptr;
+		if (*p == '%')
+		{
+			/* handle scope id */
+			mio_uint32_t x;
+
+			p++; /* skip % */
+
+			if (p >= end)
+			{
+				/* premature end */
+				mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "scope id blank");
+				return -1;
+			}
+
+			if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') 
+			{
+				/* numeric scope id */
+				skad->in6.sin6_scope_id = 0;
+				do
+				{
+					x = skad->in6.sin6_scope_id * 10 + (*p - '0');
+					if (x < skad->in6.sin6_scope_id) 
+					{
+						mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "scope id too large");
+						return -1; /* overflow */
+					}
+					skad->in6.sin6_scope_id = x;
+					p++;
+				}
+				while (p < end && *p >= '0' && *p <= '9');
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				/* interface name as a scope id? */
+				const mio_ooch_t* stmp = p;
+				unsigned int index;
+				do p++; while (p < end && *p != ']');
+/* TODO			if (mio_ucharstoifindex(mio, stmp, p - stmp, &index) <= -1) return -1; */
+				skad->in6.sin6_scope_id = index;
+			}
+
+			if (p >= end || *p != ']') goto no_rbrack;
+		}
+		p++; /* skip ] */
+
+		if (str_to_ipv6(tmp.ptr, tmp.len, &skad->in6.sin6_addr) <= -1) goto unrecog;
+		skad->in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+#endif
+		/* IPv4 address */
+		tmp.ptr = (mio_ooch_t*)p;
+		while (p < end && *p != ':') p++;
+		tmp.len = p - tmp.ptr;
+
+		if (str_to_ipv4(tmp.ptr, tmp.len, &skad->in4.sin_addr) <= -1)
+		{
+		#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
+			/* check if it is an IPv6 address not enclosed in []. 
+			 * the port number can't be specified in this format. */
+			if (p >= end || *p != ':') 
+			{
+				/* without :, it can't be an ipv6 address */
+				goto unrecog;
+			}
+
+
+			while (p < end && *p != '%') p++;
+			tmp.len = p - tmp.ptr;
+
+			if (str_to_ipv6(tmp.ptr, tmp.len, &skad->in6.sin6_addr) <= -1) goto unrecog;
+
+			if (p < end && *p == '%')
+			{
+				/* handle scope id */
+				mio_uint32_t x;
+
+				p++; /* skip % */
+
+				if (p >= end)
+				{
+					/* premature end */
+					mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "scope id blank");
+					return -1;
+				}
+
+				if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') 
+				{
+					/* numeric scope id */
+					skad->in6.sin6_scope_id = 0;
+					do
+					{
+						x = skad->in6.sin6_scope_id * 10 + (*p - '0');
+						if (x < skad->in6.sin6_scope_id) 
+						{
+							mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "scope id too large");
+							return -1; /* overflow */
+						}
+						skad->in6.sin6_scope_id = x;
+						p++;
+					}
+					while (p < end && *p >= '0' && *p <= '9');
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					/* interface name as a scope id? */
+					const mio_ooch_t* stmp = p;
+					unsigned int index;
+					do p++; while (p < end);
+/* TODO					if (mio_ucharstoifindex(mio, stmp, p - stmp, &index) <= -1) return -1;*/
+					skad->in6.sin6_scope_id = index;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (p < end) goto unrecog; /* some gargage after the end? */
+
+			skad->in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
+			return 0;
+		#else
+			goto unrecog;
+		#endif
+		}
+
+		skad->in4.sin_family = AF_INET;
+#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
+	}
+#endif
+
+	if (p < end && *p == ':') 
+	{
+		/* port number */
+		mio_uint32_t port = 0;
+
+		p++; /* skip : */
+
+		tmp.ptr = (mio_ooch_t*)p;
+		while (p < end && *p >= '0' && *p <= '9')
+		{
+			port = port * 10 + (*p - '0');
+			p++;
+		}
+
+		tmp.len = p - tmp.ptr;
+		if (tmp.len <= 0 || tmp.len >= 6 || 
+		    port > MIO_TYPE_MAX(mio_uint16_t)) 
+		{
+			mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "port number blank or too large");
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+	#if (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
+		if (skad->in4.sin_family == AF_INET)
+			skad->in4.sin_port = mio_hton16(port);
+		else
+			skad->in6.sin6_port = mio_hton16(port);
+	#else
+		skad->in4.sin_port = mio_hton16(port);
+	#endif
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+
+unrecog:
+	mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "unrecognized address");
+	return -1;
+	
+no_rbrack:
+	mio_seterrbfmt (mio, MIO_EINVAL, "missing right bracket");
+	return -1;
+}
+
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+
+#define __BTOA(type_t,b,p,end) \
+	do { \
+		type_t* sp = p; \
+		do {  \
+			if (p >= end) { \
+				if (p == sp) break; \
+				if (p - sp > 1) p[-2] = p[-1]; \
+				p[-1] = (b % 10) + '0'; \
+			} \
+			else *p++ = (b % 10) + '0'; \
+			b /= 10; \
+		} while (b > 0); \
+		if (p - sp > 1) { \
+			type_t t = sp[0]; \
+			sp[0] = p[-1]; \
+			p[-1] = t; \
+		} \
+	} while (0);
+
+#define __ADDDOT(p, end) \
+	do { \
+		if (p >= end) break; \
+		*p++ = '.'; \
+	} while (0)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static mio_oow_t ip4addr_to_ucstr (const struct in_addr* ipad, mio_uch_t* buf, mio_oow_t size)
+{
+	mio_uint8_t b;
+	mio_uch_t* p, * end;
+	mio_uint32_t ip;
+
+	if (size <= 0) return 0;
+
+	ip = ipad->s_addr;
+
+	p = buf;
+	end = buf + size - 1;
+
+#if defined(MIO_ENDIAN_BIG)
+	b = (ip >> 24) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_uch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >> 16) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_uch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >>  8) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_uch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >>  0) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_uch_t, b, p, end);
+#elif defined(MIO_ENDIAN_LITTLE)
+	b = (ip >>  0) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_uch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >>  8) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_uch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >> 16) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_uch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >> 24) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_uch_t, b, p, end);
+#else
+#	error Unknown Endian
+#endif
+
+	*p = '\0';
+	return p - buf;
+}
+
+
+static mio_oow_t ip6addr_to_ucstr (const struct in6_addr* ipad, mio_uch_t* buf, mio_oow_t size)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Note that int32_t and int16_t need only be "at least" large enough
+	 * to contain a value of the specified size.  On some systems, like
+	 * Crays, there is no such thing as an integer variable with 16 bits.
+	 * Keep this in mind if you think this function should have been coded
+	 * to use pointer overlays.  All the world's not a VAX.
+	 */
+
+#define IP6ADDR_NWORDS (MIO_SIZEOF(ipad->s6_addr) / MIO_SIZEOF(mio_uint16_t))
+
+	mio_uch_t tmp[MIO_COUNTOF("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:255.255.255.255")], *tp;
+	struct { int base, len; } best, cur;
+	mio_uint16_t words[IP6ADDR_NWORDS];
+	int i;
+
+	if (size <= 0) return 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Preprocess:
+	 *	Copy the input (bytewise) array into a wordwise array.
+	 *	Find the longest run of 0x00's in src[] for :: shorthanding.
+	 */
+	MIO_MEMSET (words, 0, MIO_SIZEOF(words));
+	for (i = 0; i < MIO_SIZEOF(ipad->s6_addr); i++)
+		words[i / 2] |= (ipad->s6_addr[i] << ((1 - (i % 2)) << 3));
+	best.base = -1;
+	best.len = 0;
+	cur.base = -1;
+	cur.len = 0;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < IP6ADDR_NWORDS; i++) 
+	{
+		if (words[i] == 0) 
+		{
+			if (cur.base == -1)
+			{
+				cur.base = i;
+				cur.len = 1;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				cur.len++;
+			}
+		}
+		else 
+		{
+			if (cur.base != -1) 
+			{
+				if (best.base == -1 || cur.len > best.len) best = cur;
+				cur.base = -1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (cur.base != -1) 
+	{
+		if (best.base == -1 || cur.len > best.len) best = cur;
+	}
+	if (best.base != -1 && best.len < 2) best.base = -1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Format the result.
+	 */
+	tp = tmp;
+	for (i = 0; i < IP6ADDR_NWORDS; i++) 
+	{
+		/* Are we inside the best run of 0x00's? */
+		if (best.base != -1 && i >= best.base &&
+		    i < (best.base + best.len)) 
+		{
+			if (i == best.base) *tp++ = ':';
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* Are we following an initial run of 0x00s or any real hex? */
+		if (i != 0) *tp++ = ':';
+
+		/* Is this address an encapsulated IPv4? ipv4-compatible or ipv4-mapped */
+		if (i == 6 && best.base == 0 && (best.len == 6 || (best.len == 5 && words[5] == 0xffff))) 
+		{
+			struct in_addr ip4ad;
+			MIO_MEMCPY (&ip4ad.s_addr, ipad->s6_addr + 12, MIO_SIZEOF(ip4ad.s_addr));
+			tp += ip4addr_to_ucstr(&ip4ad, tp, MIO_COUNTOF(tmp) - (tp - tmp));
+			break;
+		}
+
+/* TODO	tp += mio_fmt_uintmax_to_ucstr(tp, MIO_COUNTOF(tmp) - (tp - tmp), words[i], 16, 0, '\0', MIO_NULL); */
+	}
+
+	/* Was it a trailing run of 0x00's? */
+	if (best.base != -1 && (best.base + best.len) == IP6ADDR_NWORDS) *tp++ = ':';
+	*tp++ = '\0';
+
+	return mio_copy_ucstr(buf, size, tmp);
+
+#undef IP6ADDR_NWORDS
+}
+
+
+mio_oow_t mio_skadtoucstr (mio_t* mio, const mio_skad_t* _skad, mio_uch_t* buf, mio_oow_t len, int flags)
+{
+	const mio_skad_alt_t* skad = (const mio_skad_alt_t*)_skad;
+	mio_oow_t xlen = 0;
+
+	/* unsupported types will result in an empty string */
+
+	switch (mio_skad_family(_skad))
+	{
+		case MIO_AF_INET:
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+			{
+				if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+				xlen += ip4addr_to_ucstr(&skad->in4.sin_addr, buf, len);
+			}
+
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_PORT)
+			{
+				if (!(flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR) || skad->in4.sin_port != 0)
+				{
+					if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+					{
+						if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+						buf[xlen++] = ':';
+					}
+
+					if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+/* TODO					xlen += mio_fmt_uintmax_to_ucstr(&buf[xlen], len - xlen, mio_ntoh16(skad->in4.sin_port), 10, 0, '\0', MIO_NULL); */
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case MIO_AF_INET6:
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_PORT)
+			{
+				if (!(flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR) || skad->in6.sin6_port != 0)
+				{
+					if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+					{
+						if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+						buf[xlen++] = '[';
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+			{
+				if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+				xlen += ip6addr_to_ucstr(&skad->in6.sin6_addr, &buf[xlen], len - xlen);
+
+				if (skad->in6.sin6_scope_id != 0)
+				{
+					int tmp;
+
+					if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+					buf[xlen++] = '%';
+
+					if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+
+/* TODO				tmp = mio_ifindextoucstr(mio, skad->in6.sin6_scope_id, &buf[xlen], len - xlen);*/
+					if (tmp <= -1)
+					{
+/* TODO					xlen += mio_fmt_uintmax_to_ucstr(&buf[xlen], len - xlen, skad->in6.sin6_scope_id, 10, 0, '\0', MIO_NULL); */
+					}
+					else xlen += tmp;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_PORT)
+			{
+				if (!(flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR) || skad->in6.sin6_port != 0) 
+				{
+					if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+					{
+						if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+						buf[xlen++] = ']';
+
+						if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+						buf[xlen++] = ':';
+					}
+
+					if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+/* TODO				xlen += mio_fmt_uintmax_to_ucstr(&buf[xlen], len - xlen, mio_ntoh16(skad->in6.sin6_port), 10, 0, '\0', MIO_NULL); */
+				}
+			}
+
+			break;
+
+		case MIO_AF_UNIX:
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+			{
+				if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+				buf[xlen++] = '@';
+
+				if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+				else
+				{
+					mio_oow_t mbslen, wcslen = len - xlen;
+					mio_convbtoucstr (mio, skad->un.sun_path, &mbslen, &buf[xlen], &wcslen, 1);
+					/* i don't care about conversion errors */
+					xlen += wcslen;
+				}
+			}
+
+			break;
+	}
+
+done:
+	if (xlen < len) buf[xlen] = '\0';
+	return xlen;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static mio_oow_t ip4addr_to_bcstr (const struct in_addr* ipad, mio_bch_t* buf, mio_oow_t size)
+{
+	mio_uint8_t b;
+	mio_bch_t* p, * end;
+	mio_uint32_t ip;
+
+	if (size <= 0) return 0;
+
+	ip = ipad->s_addr;
+
+	p = buf;
+	end = buf + size - 1;
+
+#if defined(MIO_ENDIAN_BIG)
+	b = (ip >> 24) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_bch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >> 16) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_bch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >>  8) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_bch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >>  0) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_bch_t, b, p, end);
+#elif defined(MIO_ENDIAN_LITTLE)
+	b = (ip >>  0) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_bch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >>  8) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_bch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >> 16) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_bch_t, b, p, end); __ADDDOT (p, end);
+	b = (ip >> 24) & 0xFF; __BTOA (mio_bch_t, b, p, end);
+#else
+#	error Unknown Endian
+#endif
+
+	*p = '\0';
+	return p - buf;
+}
+
+
+static mio_oow_t ip6addr_to_bcstr (const struct in6_addr* ipad, mio_bch_t* buf, mio_oow_t size)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Note that int32_t and int16_t need only be "at least" large enough
+	 * to contain a value of the specified size.  On some systems, like
+	 * Crays, there is no such thing as an integer variable with 16 bits.
+	 * Keep this in mind if you think this function should have been coded
+	 * to use pointer overlays.  All the world's not a VAX.
+	 */
+
+#define IP6ADDR_NWORDS (MIO_SIZEOF(ipad->s6_addr) / MIO_SIZEOF(mio_uint16_t))
+
+	mio_bch_t tmp[MIO_COUNTOF("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:255.255.255.255")], *tp;
+	struct { int base, len; } best, cur;
+	mio_uint16_t words[IP6ADDR_NWORDS];
+	int i;
+
+	if (size <= 0) return 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Preprocess:
+	 *	Copy the input (bytewise) array into a wordwise array.
+	 *	Find the longest run of 0x00's in src[] for :: shorthanding.
+	 */
+	MIO_MEMSET (words, 0, MIO_SIZEOF(words));
+	for (i = 0; i < MIO_SIZEOF(ipad->s6_addr); i++)
+		words[i / 2] |= (ipad->s6_addr[i] << ((1 - (i % 2)) << 3));
+	best.base = -1;
+	best.len = 0;
+	cur.base = -1;
+	cur.len = 0;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < IP6ADDR_NWORDS; i++) 
+	{
+		if (words[i] == 0) 
+		{
+			if (cur.base == -1)
+			{
+				cur.base = i;
+				cur.len = 1;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				cur.len++;
+			}
+		}
+		else 
+		{
+			if (cur.base != -1) 
+			{
+				if (best.base == -1 || cur.len > best.len) best = cur;
+				cur.base = -1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (cur.base != -1) 
+	{
+		if (best.base == -1 || cur.len > best.len) best = cur;
+	}
+	if (best.base != -1 && best.len < 2) best.base = -1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Format the result.
+	 */
+	tp = tmp;
+	for (i = 0; i < IP6ADDR_NWORDS; i++) 
+	{
+		/* Are we inside the best run of 0x00's? */
+		if (best.base != -1 && i >= best.base &&
+		    i < (best.base + best.len)) 
+		{
+			if (i == best.base) *tp++ = ':';
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* Are we following an initial run of 0x00s or any real hex? */
+		if (i != 0) *tp++ = ':';
+
+		/* Is this address an encapsulated IPv4? ipv4-compatible or ipv4-mapped */
+		if (i == 6 && best.base == 0 && (best.len == 6 || (best.len == 5 && words[5] == 0xffff))) 
+		{
+			struct in_addr ip4ad;
+			MIO_MEMCPY (&ip4ad.s_addr, ipad->s6_addr + 12, MIO_SIZEOF(ip4ad.s_addr));
+			tp += ip4addr_to_bcstr(&ip4ad, tp, MIO_COUNTOF(tmp) - (tp - tmp));
+			break;
+		}
+
+/* TODO:		tp += mio_fmt_uintmax_to_bcstr(tp, MIO_COUNTOF(tmp) - (tp - tmp), words[i], 16, 0, '\0', MIO_NULL); */
+	}
+
+	/* Was it a trailing run of 0x00's? */
+	if (best.base != -1 && (best.base + best.len) == IP6ADDR_NWORDS) *tp++ = ':';
+	*tp++ = '\0';
+
+	return mio_copy_bcstr(buf, size, tmp);
+
+#undef IP6ADDR_NWORDS
+}
+
+
+mio_oow_t mio_skadtobcstr (mio_t* mio, const mio_skad_t* _skad, mio_bch_t* buf, mio_oow_t len, int flags)
+{
+	const mio_skad_alt_t* skad = (const mio_skad_alt_t*)_skad;
+	mio_oow_t xlen = 0;
+
+	/* unsupported types will result in an empty string */
+
+	switch (mio_skad_family(_skad))
+	{
+		case MIO_AF_INET:
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+			{
+				if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+				xlen += ip4addr_to_bcstr(&skad->in4.sin_addr, buf, len);
+			}
+
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_PORT)
+			{
+				if (!(flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR) || skad->in4.sin_port != 0)
+				{
+					if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+					{
+						if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+						buf[xlen++] = ':';
+					}
+
+					if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+/*					xlen += mio_fmt_uintmax_to_bcstr(&buf[xlen], len - xlen, mio_ntoh16(skad->in4.sin_port), 10, 0, '\0', MIO_NULL);*/
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case MIO_AF_INET6:
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_PORT)
+			{
+				if (!(flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR) || skad->in6.sin6_port != 0)
+				{
+					if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+					{
+						if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+						buf[xlen++] = '[';
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+			{
+
+				if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+				xlen += ip6addr_to_bcstr(&skad->in6.sin6_addr, &buf[xlen], len - xlen);
+
+				if (skad->in6.sin6_scope_id != 0)
+				{
+					int tmp;
+
+					if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+					buf[xlen++] = '%';
+
+					if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+
+	/* TODO			tmp = mio_ifindextobcstr(mio, skad->in6.sin6_scope_id, &buf[xlen], len - xlen);*/
+					if (tmp <= -1)
+					{
+/* TODO						xlen += mio_fmt_uintmax_to_bcstr(&buf[xlen], len - xlen, skad->in6.sin6_scope_id, 10, 0, '\0', MIO_NULL); */
+					}
+					else xlen += tmp;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_PORT)
+			{
+				if (!(flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR) || skad->in6.sin6_port != 0) 
+				{
+					if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+					{
+						if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+						buf[xlen++] = ']';
+
+						if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+						buf[xlen++] = ':';
+					}
+
+					if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+/*					xlen += mio_fmt_uintmax_to_bcstr(&buf[xlen], len - xlen, mio_ntoh16(skad->in6.sin6_port), 10, 0, '\0', MIO_NULL); */
+				}
+			}
+
+			break;
+
+		case MIO_AF_UNIX:
+			if (flags & MIO_SKAD_TO_BCSTR_ADDR)
+			{
+				if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+				buf[xlen++] = '@';
+
+				if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+				xlen += mio_copy_bcstr(&buf[xlen], len - xlen, skad->un.sun_path);
+#if 0
+				if (xlen + 1 >= len) goto done;
+				else
+				{
+					mio_oow_t wcslen, mbslen = len - xlen;
+					mio_convutobcstr (mio, skad->un.sun_path, &wcslen, &buf[xlen], &mbslen);
+					/* i don't care about conversion errors */
+					xlen += mbslen;
+				}
+#endif
+			}
+
+			break;
+	}
+
+done:
+	if (xlen < len) buf[xlen] = '\0';
+	return xlen;
+}
+
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+
+int mio_skad_family (const mio_skad_t* _skad)
+{
+	const mio_skad_alt_t* skad = (const mio_skad_alt_t*)_skad;
+	/*MIO_STATIC_ASSERT (MIO_SIZEOF(*_skad) >= MIO_SIZEOF(*skad));*/
+	return skad->sa.sa_family;
+}
+
+int mio_skad_size (const mio_skad_t* _skad)
+{
+	const mio_skad_alt_t* skad = (const mio_skad_alt_t*)_skad;
+	/*MIO_STATIC_ASSERT (MIO_SIZEOF(*_skad) >= MIO_SIZEOF(*skad));*/
+
+	switch (skad->sa.sa_family)
+	{
+	#if defined(AF_INET) && (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN > 0)
+		case AF_INET: return MIO_SIZEOF(struct sockaddr_in);
+	#endif
+	#if defined(AF_INET6) && (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_IN6 > 0)
+		case AF_INET6: return MIO_SIZEOF(struct sockaddr_in6);
+	#endif
+	#if defined(AF_PACKET) && (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_LL > 0)
+		case AF_PACKET: return MIO_SIZEOF(struct sockaddr_ll);
+	#endif
+	#if defined(AF_UNIX) && (MIO_SIZEOF_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN > 0)
+		case AF_UNIX: return MIO_SIZEOF(struct sockaddr_un);
+	#endif
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void mio_clear_skad (mio_skad_t* _skad)
+{
+	mio_skad_alt_t* skad = (mio_skad_alt_t*)_skad;
+	/*MIO_STATIC_ASSERT (MIO_SIZEOF(*_skad) >= MIO_SIZEOF(*skad));*/
+	MIO_MEMSET (skad, 0, MIO_SIZEOF(*skad));
+	skad->sa.sa_family = MIO_AF_UNSPEC;
+}
diff --git a/mio/lib/utl.c b/mio/lib/utl.c
index ab8521c..1a455f4 100644
--- a/mio/lib/utl.c
+++ b/mio/lib/utl.c
@@ -1025,12 +1025,12 @@ int mio_conv_ucstr_to_utf8 (const mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t* ucslen, mio_bch_t*
 
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-int mio_convbtouchars (mio_t* mio, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t* bcslen, mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t* ucslen)
+int mio_convbtouchars (mio_t* mio, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t* bcslen, mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t* ucslen, int all)
 {
 	/* length bound */
 	int n;
 
-	n = mio_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, mio_getcmgr(mio), 0);
+	n = mio_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, mio_getcmgr(mio), all);
 
 	if (n <= -1)
 	{
@@ -1056,12 +1056,12 @@ int mio_convutobchars (mio_t* mio, const mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t* ucslen, mio_
 	return n;
 }
 
-int mio_convbtoucstr (mio_t* mio, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t* bcslen, mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t* ucslen)
+int mio_convbtoucstr (mio_t* mio, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t* bcslen, mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t* ucslen, int all)
 {
 	/* null-terminated. */
 	int n;
 
-	n = mio_conv_bcstr_to_ucstr_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, mio_getcmgr(mio), 0);
+	n = mio_conv_bcstr_to_ucstr_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, mio_getcmgr(mio), all);
 
 	if (n <= -1)
 	{
@@ -1088,13 +1088,13 @@ int mio_convutobcstr (mio_t* mio, const mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t* ucslen, mio_b
 
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-MIO_INLINE mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t headroom_bytes, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t bcslen, mio_oow_t* ucslen)
+MIO_INLINE mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t headroom_bytes, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t bcslen, mio_oow_t* ucslen, int all)
 {
 	mio_oow_t inlen, outlen;
 	mio_uch_t* ptr;
 
 	inlen = bcslen;
-	if (mio_convbtouchars(mio, bcs, &inlen, MIO_NULL, &outlen) <= -1) 
+	if (mio_convbtouchars(mio, bcs, &inlen, MIO_NULL, &outlen, all) <= -1) 
 	{
 		/* note it's also an error if no full conversion is made in this function */
 		return MIO_NULL;
@@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ MIO_INLINE mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t headro
 	inlen = bcslen;
 
 	ptr = (mio_uch_t*)((mio_oob_t*)ptr + headroom_bytes);
-	mio_convbtouchars (mio, bcs, &inlen, ptr, &outlen);
+	mio_convbtouchars (mio, bcs, &inlen, ptr, &outlen, all);
 
 	/* mio_convbtouchars() doesn't null-terminate the target. 
 	 * but in mio_dupbtouchars(), i allocate space. so i don't mind
@@ -1116,9 +1116,9 @@ MIO_INLINE mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t headro
 	return ptr;
 }
 
-mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtouchars (mio_t* mio, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t bcslen, mio_oow_t* ucslen)
+mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtouchars (mio_t* mio, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t bcslen, mio_oow_t* ucslen, int all)
 {
-	return mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom (mio, 0, bcs, bcslen, ucslen);
+	return mio_dupbtoucharswithheadroom (mio, 0, bcs, bcslen, ucslen, all);
 }
 
 MIO_INLINE mio_bch_t* mio_duputobcharswithheadroom (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t headroom_bytes, const mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t ucslen, mio_oow_t* bcslen)
@@ -1153,12 +1153,12 @@ mio_bch_t* mio_duputobchars (mio_t* mio, const mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t ucslen,
 
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-MIO_INLINE mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t headroom_bytes, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t* ucslen)
+MIO_INLINE mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t headroom_bytes, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t* ucslen, int all)
 {
 	mio_oow_t inlen, outlen;
 	mio_uch_t* ptr;
 
-	if (mio_convbtoucstr(mio, bcs, &inlen, MIO_NULL, &outlen) <= -1) 
+	if (mio_convbtoucstr(mio, bcs, &inlen, MIO_NULL, &outlen, all) <= -1) 
 	{
 		/* note it's also an error if no full conversion is made in this function */
 		return MIO_NULL;
@@ -1168,14 +1168,14 @@ MIO_INLINE mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t headroo
 	ptr = (mio_uch_t*)mio_allocmem(mio, headroom_bytes + (outlen * MIO_SIZEOF(mio_uch_t)));
 	if (!ptr) return MIO_NULL;
 
-	mio_convbtoucstr (mio, bcs, &inlen, ptr, &outlen);
+	mio_convbtoucstr (mio, bcs, &inlen, ptr, &outlen, all);
 	if (ucslen) *ucslen = outlen;
 	return ptr;
 }
 
-mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucstr (mio_t* mio, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t* ucslen)
+mio_uch_t* mio_dupbtoucstr (mio_t* mio, const mio_bch_t* bcs, mio_oow_t* ucslen, int all)
 {
-	return mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom (mio, 0, bcs, ucslen);
+	return mio_dupbtoucstrwithheadroom (mio, 0, bcs, ucslen, all);
 }
 
 MIO_INLINE mio_bch_t* mio_duputobcstrwithheadroom (mio_t* mio, mio_oow_t headroom_bytes, const mio_uch_t* ucs, mio_oow_t* bcslen)