diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in
index e287fe3..56e40ec 100644
--- a/Makefile.in
+++ b/Makefile.in
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ am__DIST_COMMON = $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_srcdir)/ac/ar-lib \
 	$(top_srcdir)/ac/compile $(top_srcdir)/ac/config.guess \
 	$(top_srcdir)/ac/config.sub $(top_srcdir)/ac/install-sh \
 	$(top_srcdir)/ac/ltmain.sh $(top_srcdir)/ac/missing README.md \
-	ac/ar-lib ac/compile ac/config.guess ac/config.sub ac/depcomp \
+	ac/ar-lib ac/compile ac/config.guess ac/config.sub \
 	ac/install-sh ac/ltmain.sh ac/missing
 DISTFILES = $(DIST_COMMON) $(DIST_SOURCES) $(TEXINFOS) $(EXTRA_DIST)
 distdir = $(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)
diff --git a/bin/hcl.c b/bin/hcl.c
index 53d25f8..6088108 100644
--- a/bin/hcl.c
+++ b/bin/hcl.c
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 
 #include <hcl.h>
 #include <hcl-chr.h>
+#include <hcl-str.h>
 #include <hcl-utl.h>
 #include <hcl-opt.h>
 
diff --git a/bin/hclx.c b/bin/hclx.c
index 90b262e..03c5ca1 100644
--- a/bin/hclx.c
+++ b/bin/hclx.c
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <hcl-x.h>
+#include <hcl-cmgr.h>
 #include <hcl-json.h>
 #include <hcl-opt.h>
 #include <hcl-str.h>
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 4eba3d9..fa2911c 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ PACKAGE_TARNAME='hcl'
 PACKAGE_VERSION='0.1.0'
 PACKAGE_STRING='hcl 0.1.0'
 PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='Chung, Hyung-Hwan (hyunghwan.chung@gmail.com)'
-PACKAGE_URL='http://code.miflux.com/@hcl'
+PACKAGE_URL='http://code.miflux.com/hyung-hwan/hcl'
 
 # Factoring default headers for most tests.
 ac_includes_default="\
@@ -1536,7 +1536,7 @@ Use these variables to override the choices made by `configure' or to help
 it to find libraries and programs with nonstandard names/locations.
 
 Report bugs to <Chung, Hyung-Hwan (hyunghwan.chung@gmail.com)>.
-hcl home page: <http://code.miflux.com/@hcl>.
+hcl home page: <http://code.miflux.com/hyung-hwan/hcl>.
 _ACEOF
 ac_status=$?
 fi
@@ -19511,7 +19511,7 @@ Configuration commands:
 $config_commands
 
 Report bugs to <Chung, Hyung-Hwan (hyunghwan.chung@gmail.com)>.
-hcl home page: <http://code.miflux.com/@hcl>."
+hcl home page: <http://code.miflux.com/hyung-hwan/hcl>."
 
 _ACEOF
 ac_cs_config=`printf "%s\n" "$ac_configure_args" | sed "$ac_safe_unquote"`
diff --git a/lib/Makefile.am b/lib/Makefile.am
index 653e660..6196b89 100644
--- a/lib/Makefile.am
+++ b/lib/Makefile.am
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ pkglibdir = $(libdir)
 pkginclude_HEADERS = \
 	hcl.h \
 	hcl-chr.h \
+	hcl-cmgr.h \
 	hcl-cmn.h \
 	hcl-fmt.h \
 	hcl-opt.h \
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ libhcl_la_SOURCES = \
 	hcl-prv.h \
 	bigint.c \
 	chr.c \
+	cmgr.c \
 	cnode.c \
 	comp.c \
 	debug.c \
diff --git a/lib/Makefile.in b/lib/Makefile.in
index 0801a11..75edaa3 100644
--- a/lib/Makefile.in
+++ b/lib/Makefile.in
@@ -150,15 +150,16 @@ am__DEPENDENCIES_5 = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_1) $(am__DEPENDENCIES_2) \
 	$(am__DEPENDENCIES_3) $(am__DEPENDENCIES_4)
 libhcl_la_DEPENDENCIES = $(am__DEPENDENCIES_5) $(am__append_6)
 am_libhcl_la_OBJECTS = libhcl_la-bigint.lo libhcl_la-chr.lo \
-	libhcl_la-cnode.lo libhcl_la-comp.lo libhcl_la-debug.lo \
-	libhcl_la-decode.lo libhcl_la-dic.lo libhcl_la-err.lo \
-	libhcl_la-exec.lo libhcl_la-fmt.lo libhcl_la-gc.lo \
-	libhcl_la-hcl.lo libhcl_la-heap.lo libhcl_la-mb8.lo \
-	libhcl_la-number.lo libhcl_la-obj.lo libhcl_la-opt.lo \
-	libhcl_la-prim.lo libhcl_la-print.lo libhcl_la-rbt.lo \
-	libhcl_la-read.lo libhcl_la-std.lo libhcl_la-str.lo \
-	libhcl_la-sym.lo libhcl_la-utf16.lo libhcl_la-utf8.lo \
-	libhcl_la-utl.lo libhcl_la-xchg.lo libhcl_la-xma.lo
+	libhcl_la-cmgr.lo libhcl_la-cnode.lo libhcl_la-comp.lo \
+	libhcl_la-debug.lo libhcl_la-decode.lo libhcl_la-dic.lo \
+	libhcl_la-err.lo libhcl_la-exec.lo libhcl_la-fmt.lo \
+	libhcl_la-gc.lo libhcl_la-hcl.lo libhcl_la-heap.lo \
+	libhcl_la-mb8.lo libhcl_la-number.lo libhcl_la-obj.lo \
+	libhcl_la-opt.lo libhcl_la-prim.lo libhcl_la-print.lo \
+	libhcl_la-rbt.lo libhcl_la-read.lo libhcl_la-std.lo \
+	libhcl_la-str.lo libhcl_la-sym.lo libhcl_la-utf16.lo \
+	libhcl_la-utf8.lo libhcl_la-utl.lo libhcl_la-xchg.lo \
+	libhcl_la-xma.lo
 libhcl_la_OBJECTS = $(am_libhcl_la_OBJECTS)
 AM_V_lt = $(am__v_lt_@AM_V@)
 am__v_lt_ = $(am__v_lt_@AM_DEFAULT_V@)
@@ -197,8 +198,9 @@ DEFAULT_INCLUDES =
 depcomp = $(SHELL) $(top_srcdir)/ac/depcomp
 am__maybe_remake_depfiles = depfiles
 am__depfiles_remade = ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-bigint.Plo \
-	./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-chr.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cnode.Plo \
-	./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-comp.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-debug.Plo \
+	./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-chr.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cmgr.Plo \
+	./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cnode.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-comp.Plo \
+	./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-debug.Plo \
 	./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-decode.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-dic.Plo \
 	./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-err.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-exec.Plo \
 	./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-fmt.Plo ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-gc.Plo \
@@ -243,9 +245,9 @@ am__can_run_installinfo = \
     n|no|NO) false;; \
     *) (install-info --version) >/dev/null 2>&1;; \
   esac
-am__pkginclude_HEADERS_DIST = hcl.h hcl-chr.h hcl-cmn.h hcl-fmt.h \
-	hcl-opt.h hcl-pac1.h hcl-rbt.h hcl-str.h hcl-upac.h hcl-utl.h \
-	hcl-xma.h hcl-x.h hcl-tmr.h hcl-json.h
+am__pkginclude_HEADERS_DIST = hcl.h hcl-chr.h hcl-cmgr.h hcl-cmn.h \
+	hcl-fmt.h hcl-opt.h hcl-pac1.h hcl-rbt.h hcl-str.h hcl-upac.h \
+	hcl-utl.h hcl-xma.h hcl-x.h hcl-tmr.h hcl-json.h
 HEADERS = $(pkginclude_HEADERS)
 am__tagged_files = $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES) $(TAGS_FILES) $(LISP) \
 	hcl-cfg.h.in
@@ -434,14 +436,15 @@ LIBADD_LIB_COMMON = $(LIBM) $(am__append_1) $(am__append_2) \
 @WIN32_TRUE@CPPFLAGS_PFMOD = -DHCL_DEFAULT_PFMODPREFIX=\"libhcl-\" \
 @WIN32_TRUE@	-DHCL_DEFAULT_PFMODPOSTFIX=\"-1.dll\" \
 @WIN32_TRUE@	$(am__append_4) $(am__append_5)
-pkginclude_HEADERS = hcl.h hcl-chr.h hcl-cmn.h hcl-fmt.h hcl-opt.h \
-	hcl-pac1.h hcl-rbt.h hcl-str.h hcl-upac.h hcl-utl.h hcl-xma.h \
-	$(am__append_8)
+pkginclude_HEADERS = hcl.h hcl-chr.h hcl-cmgr.h hcl-cmn.h hcl-fmt.h \
+	hcl-opt.h hcl-pac1.h hcl-rbt.h hcl-str.h hcl-upac.h hcl-utl.h \
+	hcl-xma.h $(am__append_8)
 pkglib_LTLIBRARIES = libhcl.la $(am__append_7)
 libhcl_la_SOURCES = \
 	hcl-prv.h \
 	bigint.c \
 	chr.c \
+	cmgr.c \
 	cnode.c \
 	comp.c \
 	debug.c \
@@ -593,6 +596,7 @@ distclean-compile:
 
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-bigint.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-chr.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cmgr.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cnode.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-comp.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-debug.Plo@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
@@ -672,6 +676,13 @@ libhcl_la-chr.lo: chr.c
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
 @am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libhcl_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o libhcl_la-chr.lo `test -f 'chr.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`chr.c
 
+libhcl_la-cmgr.lo: cmgr.c
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libhcl_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -MT libhcl_la-cmgr.lo -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cmgr.Tpo -c -o libhcl_la-cmgr.lo `test -f 'cmgr.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`cmgr.c
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) $(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cmgr.Tpo $(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cmgr.Plo
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC)source='cmgr.c' object='libhcl_la-cmgr.lo' libtool=yes @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libhcl_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o libhcl_la-cmgr.lo `test -f 'cmgr.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`cmgr.c
+
 libhcl_la-cnode.lo: cnode.c
 @am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(LIBTOOL) $(AM_V_lt) --tag=CC $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=compile $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(libhcl_la_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -MT libhcl_la-cnode.lo -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cnode.Tpo -c -o libhcl_la-cnode.lo `test -f 'cnode.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`cnode.c
 @am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) $(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cnode.Tpo $(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cnode.Plo
@@ -1066,6 +1077,7 @@ clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool clean-pkglibLTLIBRARIES \
 distclean: distclean-am
 		-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-bigint.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-chr.Plo
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cmgr.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cnode.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-comp.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-debug.Plo
@@ -1148,6 +1160,7 @@ installcheck-am:
 maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
 		-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-bigint.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-chr.Plo
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cmgr.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-cnode.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-comp.Plo
 	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/libhcl_la-debug.Plo
diff --git a/lib/cmgr.c b/lib/cmgr.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa14694
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/cmgr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/*
+    Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <hcl-cmgr.h>
+#include <hcl-chr.h>
+#include <hcl-str.h>
+
+static hcl_cmgr_t builtin_cmgr[] =
+{
+	/* keep the order aligned with hcl_cmgr_id_t values in <hcl-utl.h> */
+	{ hcl_utf8_to_uc,  hcl_uc_to_utf8 },
+	{ hcl_utf16_to_uc, hcl_uc_to_utf16 },
+	{ hcl_mb8_to_uc,   hcl_uc_to_mb8 }
+};
+
+hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_id (hcl_cmgr_id_t id)
+{
+	return &builtin_cmgr[id];
+}
+
+static struct
+{
+	const hcl_bch_t* name;
+	hcl_cmgr_id_t     id;
+} builtin_cmgr_tab[] =
+{
+	{ "utf8",    HCL_CMGR_UTF8 },
+	{ "utf16",   HCL_CMGR_UTF16 },
+	{ "mb8",     HCL_CMGR_MB8 }
+};
+
+hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_bcstr (const hcl_bch_t* name)
+{
+	if (name)
+	{
+		hcl_oow_t i;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < HCL_COUNTOF(builtin_cmgr_tab); i++)
+		{
+			if (hcl_comp_bcstr(name, builtin_cmgr_tab[i].name) == 0)
+			{
+				return &builtin_cmgr[builtin_cmgr_tab[i].id];
+			}
+		 }
+	}
+
+	return HCL_NULL;
+}
+
+hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_ucstr (const hcl_uch_t* name)
+{
+	if (name)
+	{
+		hcl_oow_t i;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < HCL_COUNTOF(builtin_cmgr_tab); i++)
+		{
+			if (hcl_comp_ucstr_bcstr(name, builtin_cmgr_tab[i].name) == 0)
+			{
+				return &builtin_cmgr[builtin_cmgr_tab[i].id];
+			}
+		 }
+	}
+
+	return HCL_NULL;
+}
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int hcl_conv_utf8_to_uchars (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
+{
+	/* the source is length bound */
+	return hcl_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF8], 0);
+}
+
+int hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf8 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
+{
+	/* length bound */
+	return hcl_conv_uchars_to_bchars_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF8]);
+}
+
+int hcl_conv_utf8_to_ucstr (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
+{
+	/* null-terminated. */
+	return hcl_conv_bcstr_to_ucstr_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF8], 0);
+}
+
+int hcl_conv_ucstr_to_utf8 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
+{
+	/* null-terminated */
+	return hcl_conv_ucstr_to_bcstr_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF8]);
+}
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int hcl_conv_utf16_to_uchars (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
+{
+	/* the source is length bound */
+	return hcl_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF16], 0);
+}
+
+int hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf16 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
+{
+	/* length bound */
+	return hcl_conv_uchars_to_bchars_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF16]);
+}
+
+int hcl_conv_utf16_to_ucstr (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
+{
+	/* null-terminated. */
+	return hcl_conv_bcstr_to_ucstr_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF16], 0);
+}
+
+int hcl_conv_ucstr_to_utf16 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
+{
+	/* null-terminated */
+	return hcl_conv_ucstr_to_bcstr_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF16]);
+}
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int hcl_conv_mb8_to_uchars (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
+{
+	/* the source is length bound */
+	return hcl_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_MB8], 0);
+}
+
+int hcl_conv_uchars_to_mb8 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
+{
+	/* length bound */
+	return hcl_conv_uchars_to_bchars_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_MB8]);
+}
+
+int hcl_conv_mb8_to_ucstr (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
+{
+	/* null-terminated. */
+	return hcl_conv_bcstr_to_ucstr_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_MB8], 0);
+}
+
+int hcl_conv_ucstr_to_mb8 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
+{
+	/* null-terminated */
+	return hcl_conv_ucstr_to_bcstr_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_MB8]);
+}
diff --git a/lib/hcl-cmgr.h b/lib/hcl-cmgr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9579553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/hcl-cmgr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+/*
+    Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Chung, Hyung-Hwan. All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+    NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+    DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+    (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+    THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _HCL_CMGR_H_
+#define _HCL_CMGR_H_
+
+#include <hcl-cmn.h>
+
+enum hcl_cmgr_id_t
+{
+	HCL_CMGR_UTF8,
+	HCL_CMGR_UTF16,
+	HCL_CMGR_MB8
+};
+typedef enum hcl_cmgr_id_t hcl_cmgr_id_t;
+
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+HCL_EXPORT hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_utf8_cmgr (
+	void
+);
+
+HCL_EXPORT hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_id (
+	hcl_cmgr_id_t id
+);
+
+HCL_EXPORT hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_bcstr (
+	const hcl_bch_t* name
+);
+
+HCL_EXPORT hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_ucstr (
+	const hcl_uch_t* name
+);
+
+#if defined(HCL_OOCH_IS_UCH)
+#	define hcl_get_cmgr_by_name(name) hcl_get_cmgr_by_ucstr(name)
+#else
+#	define hcl_get_cmgr_by_name(name) hcl_get_cmgr_by_bcstr(name)
+#endif
+
+#define hcl_get_utf8_cmgr() hcl_get_cmgr_by_id(HCL_CMGR_UTF8)
+#define hcl_get_utf16_cmgr() hcl_get_cmgr_by_id(HCL_CMGR_UTF16)
+#define hcl_get_mb8_cmgr() hcl_get_cmgr_by_id(HCL_CMGR_MB8)
+
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/**
+ * The hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf8() function converts a unicode character string \a ucs
+ * to a UTF8 string and writes it into the buffer pointed to by \a bcs, but
+ * not more than \a bcslen bytes including the terminating null.
+ *
+ * Upon return, \a bcslen is modified to the actual number of bytes written to
+ * \a bcs excluding the terminating null; \a ucslen is modified to the number of
+ * wide characters converted.
+ *
+ * You may pass #HCL_NULL for \a bcs to dry-run conversion or to get the
+ * required buffer size for conversion. -2 is never returned in this case.
+ *
+ * \return
+ * - 0 on full conversion,
+ * - -1 on no or partial conversion for an illegal character encountered,
+ * - -2 on no or partial conversion for a small buffer.
+ *
+ * \code
+ *   const hcl_uch_t ucs[] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' };
+ *   hcl_bch_t bcs[10];
+ *   hcl_oow_t ucslen = 5;
+ *   hcl_oow_t bcslen = HCL_COUNTOF(bcs);
+ *   n = hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf8 (ucs, &ucslen, bcs, &bcslen);
+ *   if (n <= -1)
+ *   {
+ *      // conversion error
+ *   }
+ * \endcode
+ */
+HCL_EXPORT int hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf8 (
+	const hcl_uch_t*    ucs,
+	hcl_oow_t*          ucslen,
+	hcl_bch_t*          bcs,
+	hcl_oow_t*          bcslen
+);
+
+/**
+ * The hcl_conv_utf8_to_uchars() function converts a UTF8 string to a uncide string.
+ *
+ * It never returns -2 if \a ucs is #HCL_NULL.
+ *
+ * \code
+ *  const hcl_bch_t* bcs = "test string";
+ *  hcl_uch_t ucs[100];
+ *  hcl_oow_t ucslen = HCL_COUNTOF(buf), n;
+ *  hcl_oow_t bcslen = 11;
+ *  int n;
+ *  n = hcl_conv_utf8_to_uchars (bcs, &bcslen, ucs, &ucslen);
+ *  if (n <= -1) { invalid/incomplenete sequence or buffer to small }
+ * \endcode
+ *
+ * The resulting \a ucslen can still be greater than 0 even if the return
+ * value is negative. The value indiates the number of characters converted
+ * before the error has occurred.
+ *
+ * \return 0 on success.
+ *         -1 if \a bcs contains an illegal character.
+ *         -2 if the wide-character string buffer is too small.
+ *         -3 if \a bcs is not a complete sequence.
+ */
+HCL_EXPORT int hcl_conv_utf8_to_uchars (
+	const hcl_bch_t*   bcs,
+	hcl_oow_t*         bcslen,
+	hcl_uch_t*         ucs,
+	hcl_oow_t*         ucslen
+);
+
+
+HCL_EXPORT int hcl_conv_ucstr_to_utf8 (
+	const hcl_uch_t*    ucs,
+	hcl_oow_t*          ucslen,
+	hcl_bch_t*          bcs,
+	hcl_oow_t*          bcslen
+);
+
+HCL_EXPORT int hcl_conv_utf8_to_ucstr (
+	const hcl_bch_t*   bcs,
+	hcl_oow_t*         bcslen,
+	hcl_uch_t*         ucs,
+	hcl_oow_t*         ucslen
+);
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/hcl-prv.h b/lib/hcl-prv.h
index 4fc3b37..20eb911 100644
--- a/lib/hcl-prv.h
+++ b/lib/hcl-prv.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
 #include <hcl.h>
 #include <hcl-chr.h>
+#include <hcl-cmgr.h>
 #include <hcl-fmt.h>
 #include <hcl-str.h>
 #include <hcl-utl.h>
diff --git a/lib/hcl-utl.h b/lib/hcl-utl.h
index 938eb17..0ad7253 100644
--- a/lib/hcl-utl.h
+++ b/lib/hcl-utl.h
@@ -361,18 +361,6 @@
 #define HCL_HASH_UCSTR(hv, ptr) HCL_HASH_VPTR(hv, ptr, const hcl_uch_t)
 #define HCL_HASH_MORE_UCSTR(hv, ptr) HCL_HASH_MORE_VPTR(hv, ptr, const hcl_uch_t)
 
-/* =========================================================================
- * CMGR
- * ========================================================================= */
-enum hcl_cmgr_id_t
-{
-	HCL_CMGR_UTF8,
-	HCL_CMGR_UTF16,
-	HCL_CMGR_MB8
-};
-typedef enum hcl_cmgr_id_t hcl_cmgr_id_t;
-
-
 /* =========================================================================
  * PATH-RELATED MACROS
  * ========================================================================= */
@@ -452,132 +440,6 @@ static HCL_INLINE hcl_oow_t hcl_hash_liwords(const hcl_liw_t* ptr, hcl_oow_t len
 #	define hcl_hash_oochars(ptr,len) hcl_hash_bchars(ptr,len)
 #endif
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-HCL_EXPORT hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_utf8_cmgr (
-	void
-);
-
-HCL_EXPORT hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_id (
-	hcl_cmgr_id_t id
-);
-
-HCL_EXPORT hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_bcstr (
-	const hcl_bch_t* name
-);
-
-HCL_EXPORT hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_ucstr (
-	const hcl_uch_t* name
-);
-
-#if defined(HCL_OOCH_IS_UCH)
-#	define hcl_get_cmgr_by_name(name) hcl_get_cmgr_by_ucstr(name)
-#else
-#	define hcl_get_cmgr_by_name(name) hcl_get_cmgr_by_bcstr(name)
-#endif
-
-#define hcl_get_utf8_cmgr() hcl_get_cmgr_by_id(HCL_CMGR_UTF8)
-#define hcl_get_utf16_cmgr() hcl_get_cmgr_by_id(HCL_CMGR_UTF16)
-#define hcl_get_mb8_cmgr() hcl_get_cmgr_by_id(HCL_CMGR_MB8)
-
-/**
- * The hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf8() function converts a unicode character string \a ucs
- * to a UTF8 string and writes it into the buffer pointed to by \a bcs, but
- * not more than \a bcslen bytes including the terminating null.
- *
- * Upon return, \a bcslen is modified to the actual number of bytes written to
- * \a bcs excluding the terminating null; \a ucslen is modified to the number of
- * wide characters converted.
- *
- * You may pass #HCL_NULL for \a bcs to dry-run conversion or to get the
- * required buffer size for conversion. -2 is never returned in this case.
- *
- * \return
- * - 0 on full conversion,
- * - -1 on no or partial conversion for an illegal character encountered,
- * - -2 on no or partial conversion for a small buffer.
- *
- * \code
- *   const hcl_uch_t ucs[] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' };
- *   hcl_bch_t bcs[10];
- *   hcl_oow_t ucslen = 5;
- *   hcl_oow_t bcslen = HCL_COUNTOF(bcs);
- *   n = hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf8 (ucs, &ucslen, bcs, &bcslen);
- *   if (n <= -1)
- *   {
- *      // conversion error
- *   }
- * \endcode
- */
-HCL_EXPORT int hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf8 (
-	const hcl_uch_t*    ucs,
-	hcl_oow_t*          ucslen,
-	hcl_bch_t*          bcs,
-	hcl_oow_t*          bcslen
-);
-
-/**
- * The hcl_conv_utf8_to_uchars() function converts a UTF8 string to a uncide string.
- *
- * It never returns -2 if \a ucs is #HCL_NULL.
- *
- * \code
- *  const hcl_bch_t* bcs = "test string";
- *  hcl_uch_t ucs[100];
- *  hcl_oow_t ucslen = HCL_COUNTOF(buf), n;
- *  hcl_oow_t bcslen = 11;
- *  int n;
- *  n = hcl_conv_utf8_to_uchars (bcs, &bcslen, ucs, &ucslen);
- *  if (n <= -1) { invalid/incomplenete sequence or buffer to small }
- * \endcode
- *
- * The resulting \a ucslen can still be greater than 0 even if the return
- * value is negative. The value indiates the number of characters converted
- * before the error has occurred.
- *
- * \return 0 on success.
- *         -1 if \a bcs contains an illegal character.
- *         -2 if the wide-character string buffer is too small.
- *         -3 if \a bcs is not a complete sequence.
- */
-HCL_EXPORT int hcl_conv_utf8_to_uchars (
-	const hcl_bch_t*   bcs,
-	hcl_oow_t*         bcslen,
-	hcl_uch_t*         ucs,
-	hcl_oow_t*         ucslen
-);
-
-
-HCL_EXPORT int hcl_conv_ucstr_to_utf8 (
-	const hcl_uch_t*    ucs,
-	hcl_oow_t*          ucslen,
-	hcl_bch_t*          bcs,
-	hcl_oow_t*          bcslen
-);
-
-HCL_EXPORT int hcl_conv_utf8_to_ucstr (
-	const hcl_bch_t*   bcs,
-	hcl_oow_t*         bcslen,
-	hcl_uch_t*         ucs,
-	hcl_oow_t*         ucslen
-);
-
-HCL_EXPORT hcl_oow_t hcl_uc_to_utf8 (
-	hcl_uch_t    uc,
-	hcl_bch_t*   utf8,
-	hcl_oow_t    size
-);
-
-HCL_EXPORT hcl_oow_t hcl_utf8_to_uc (
-	const hcl_bch_t* utf8,
-	hcl_oow_t        size,
-	hcl_uch_t*       uc
-);
-
-HCL_EXPORT int hcl_ucwidth (
-	hcl_uch_t uc
-);
-
 /* =========================================================================
  * TIME CALCULATION WITH OVERFLOW/UNDERFLOW DETECTION
  * ========================================================================= */
diff --git a/lib/hcl.c b/lib/hcl.c
index 14604ae..681d0fb 100644
--- a/lib/hcl.c
+++ b/lib/hcl.c
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 
 #include "hcl-prv.h"
 
-
 hcl_t* hcl_open (hcl_mmgr_t* mmgr, hcl_oow_t xtnsize, const hcl_vmprim_t* vmprim, hcl_errnum_t* errnum)
 {
 	hcl_t* hcl;
diff --git a/lib/opt.c b/lib/opt.c
index 33c5e96..1a949e8 100644
--- a/lib/opt.c
+++ b/lib/opt.c
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <hcl-opt.h>
-#include <hcl-utl.h>
+#include <hcl-str.h>
 
 #define BADCH   '?'
 #define BADARG  ':'
diff --git a/lib/utf16.c b/lib/utf16.c
index 3a02735..9692f90 100644
--- a/lib/utf16.c
+++ b/lib/utf16.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-#include "hcl-prv.h"
+#include "hcl-chr.h"
 
 /* TODO: handle different endians - UTF16BE or UTF16LE */
 
diff --git a/lib/utf8.c b/lib/utf8.c
index c33d5db..564f943 100644
--- a/lib/utf8.c
+++ b/lib/utf8.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-#include "hcl-prv.h"
+#include <hcl-chr.h>
 
 /*#define RETAIN_RFC2279 1*/
 
@@ -187,151 +187,3 @@ hcl_oow_t hcl_utf8_to_uc (const hcl_bch_t* utf8, hcl_oow_t size, hcl_uch_t* uc)
 	return 0; /* error - invalid sequence */
 }
 
-
-/*
- * See http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/wcwidth.c
- */
-struct interval
-{
-	int first;
-	int last;
-};
-
-/* auxiliary function for binary search in interval table */
-static int bisearch(hcl_uch_t ucs, const struct interval *table, int max)
-{
-	int min = 0;
-	int mid;
-
-	if (ucs < table[0].first || ucs > table[max].last) return 0;
-	while (max >= min)
-	{
-		mid = (min + max) / 2;
-		if (ucs > table[mid].last) min = mid + 1;
-		else if (ucs < table[mid].first) max = mid - 1;
-		else return 1;
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-/* The following two functions define the column width of an ISO 10646
- * character as follows:
- *
- *    - The null character (U+0000) has a column width of 0.
- *
- *    - Other C0/C1 control characters and DEL will lead to a return
- *      value of -1.
- *
- *    - Non-spacing and enclosing combining characters (general
- *      category code Mn or Me in the Unicode database) have a
- *      column width of 0.
- *
- *    - SOFT HYPHEN (U+00AD) has a column width of 1.
- *
- *    - Other format characters (general category code Cf in the Unicode
- *      database) and ZERO WIDTH SPACE (U+200B) have a column width of 0.
- *
- *    - Hangul Jamo medial vowels and final consonants (U+1160-U+11FF)
- *      have a column width of 0.
- *
- *    - Spacing characters in the East Asian Wide (W) or East Asian
- *      Full-width (F) category as defined in Unicode Technical
- *      Report #11 have a column width of 2.
- *
- *    - All remaining characters (including all printable
- *      ISO 8859-1 and WGL4 characters, Unicode control characters,
- *      etc.) have a column width of 1.
- *
- * This implementation assumes that wchar_t characters are encoded
- * in ISO 10646.
- */
-
-int hcl_ucwidth (hcl_uch_t uc)
-{
-	/* sorted list of non-overlapping intervals of non-spacing characters */
-	/* generated by "uniset +cat=Me +cat=Mn +cat=Cf -00AD +1160-11FF +200B c" */
-	static const struct interval combining[] = {
-		{ 0x0300, 0x036F }, { 0x0483, 0x0486 }, { 0x0488, 0x0489 },
-		{ 0x0591, 0x05BD }, { 0x05BF, 0x05BF }, { 0x05C1, 0x05C2 },
-		{ 0x05C4, 0x05C5 }, { 0x05C7, 0x05C7 }, { 0x0600, 0x0603 },
-		{ 0x0610, 0x0615 }, { 0x064B, 0x065E }, { 0x0670, 0x0670 },
-		{ 0x06D6, 0x06E4 }, { 0x06E7, 0x06E8 }, { 0x06EA, 0x06ED },
-		{ 0x070F, 0x070F }, { 0x0711, 0x0711 }, { 0x0730, 0x074A },
-		{ 0x07A6, 0x07B0 }, { 0x07EB, 0x07F3 }, { 0x0901, 0x0902 },
-		{ 0x093C, 0x093C }, { 0x0941, 0x0948 }, { 0x094D, 0x094D },
-		{ 0x0951, 0x0954 }, { 0x0962, 0x0963 }, { 0x0981, 0x0981 },
-		{ 0x09BC, 0x09BC }, { 0x09C1, 0x09C4 }, { 0x09CD, 0x09CD },
-		{ 0x09E2, 0x09E3 }, { 0x0A01, 0x0A02 }, { 0x0A3C, 0x0A3C },
-		{ 0x0A41, 0x0A42 }, { 0x0A47, 0x0A48 }, { 0x0A4B, 0x0A4D },
-		{ 0x0A70, 0x0A71 }, { 0x0A81, 0x0A82 }, { 0x0ABC, 0x0ABC },
-		{ 0x0AC1, 0x0AC5 }, { 0x0AC7, 0x0AC8 }, { 0x0ACD, 0x0ACD },
-		{ 0x0AE2, 0x0AE3 }, { 0x0B01, 0x0B01 }, { 0x0B3C, 0x0B3C },
-		{ 0x0B3F, 0x0B3F }, { 0x0B41, 0x0B43 }, { 0x0B4D, 0x0B4D },
-		{ 0x0B56, 0x0B56 }, { 0x0B82, 0x0B82 }, { 0x0BC0, 0x0BC0 },
-		{ 0x0BCD, 0x0BCD }, { 0x0C3E, 0x0C40 }, { 0x0C46, 0x0C48 },
-		{ 0x0C4A, 0x0C4D }, { 0x0C55, 0x0C56 }, { 0x0CBC, 0x0CBC },
-		{ 0x0CBF, 0x0CBF }, { 0x0CC6, 0x0CC6 }, { 0x0CCC, 0x0CCD },
-		{ 0x0CE2, 0x0CE3 }, { 0x0D41, 0x0D43 }, { 0x0D4D, 0x0D4D },
-		{ 0x0DCA, 0x0DCA }, { 0x0DD2, 0x0DD4 }, { 0x0DD6, 0x0DD6 },
-		{ 0x0E31, 0x0E31 }, { 0x0E34, 0x0E3A }, { 0x0E47, 0x0E4E },
-		{ 0x0EB1, 0x0EB1 }, { 0x0EB4, 0x0EB9 }, { 0x0EBB, 0x0EBC },
-		{ 0x0EC8, 0x0ECD }, { 0x0F18, 0x0F19 }, { 0x0F35, 0x0F35 },
-		{ 0x0F37, 0x0F37 }, { 0x0F39, 0x0F39 }, { 0x0F71, 0x0F7E },
-		{ 0x0F80, 0x0F84 }, { 0x0F86, 0x0F87 }, { 0x0F90, 0x0F97 },
-		{ 0x0F99, 0x0FBC }, { 0x0FC6, 0x0FC6 }, { 0x102D, 0x1030 },
-		{ 0x1032, 0x1032 }, { 0x1036, 0x1037 }, { 0x1039, 0x1039 },
-		{ 0x1058, 0x1059 }, { 0x1160, 0x11FF }, { 0x135F, 0x135F },
-		{ 0x1712, 0x1714 }, { 0x1732, 0x1734 }, { 0x1752, 0x1753 },
-		{ 0x1772, 0x1773 }, { 0x17B4, 0x17B5 }, { 0x17B7, 0x17BD },
-		{ 0x17C6, 0x17C6 }, { 0x17C9, 0x17D3 }, { 0x17DD, 0x17DD },
-		{ 0x180B, 0x180D }, { 0x18A9, 0x18A9 }, { 0x1920, 0x1922 },
-		{ 0x1927, 0x1928 }, { 0x1932, 0x1932 }, { 0x1939, 0x193B },
-		{ 0x1A17, 0x1A18 }, { 0x1B00, 0x1B03 }, { 0x1B34, 0x1B34 },
-		{ 0x1B36, 0x1B3A }, { 0x1B3C, 0x1B3C }, { 0x1B42, 0x1B42 },
-		{ 0x1B6B, 0x1B73 }, { 0x1DC0, 0x1DCA }, { 0x1DFE, 0x1DFF },
-		{ 0x200B, 0x200F }, { 0x202A, 0x202E }, { 0x2060, 0x2063 },
-		{ 0x206A, 0x206F }, { 0x20D0, 0x20EF }, { 0x302A, 0x302F },
-		{ 0x3099, 0x309A }, { 0xA806, 0xA806 }, { 0xA80B, 0xA80B },
-		{ 0xA825, 0xA826 }, { 0xFB1E, 0xFB1E }, { 0xFE00, 0xFE0F },
-		{ 0xFE20, 0xFE23 }, { 0xFEFF, 0xFEFF }, { 0xFFF9, 0xFFFB },
-		{ 0x10A01, 0x10A03 }, { 0x10A05, 0x10A06 }, { 0x10A0C, 0x10A0F },
-		{ 0x10A38, 0x10A3A }, { 0x10A3F, 0x10A3F }, { 0x1D167, 0x1D169 },
-		{ 0x1D173, 0x1D182 }, { 0x1D185, 0x1D18B }, { 0x1D1AA, 0x1D1AD },
-		{ 0x1D242, 0x1D244 }, { 0xE0001, 0xE0001 }, { 0xE0020, 0xE007F },
-		{ 0xE0100, 0xE01EF }
-	};
-
-	/* test for 8-bit control characters */
-	if (uc == 0) return 0;
-	if (uc < 32 || (uc >= 0x7f && uc < 0xa0)) return -1;
-
-	/* binary search in table of non-spacing characters */
-	if (bisearch(uc, combining, sizeof(combining) / sizeof(struct interval) - 1)) return 0;
-
-	/* if we arrive here, uc is not a combining or C0/C1 control character */
-
-	if (uc >= 0x1100)
-	{
-		if (uc <= 0x115f || /* Hangul Jamo init. consonants */
-		    uc == 0x2329 || uc == 0x232a ||
-		    (uc >= 0x2e80 && uc <= 0xa4cf && uc != 0x303f) || /* CJK ... Yi */
-		    (uc >= 0xac00 && uc <= 0xd7a3) || /* Hangul Syllables */
-		    (uc >= 0xf900 && uc <= 0xfaff) || /* CJK Compatibility Ideographs */
-		    (uc >= 0xfe10 && uc <= 0xfe19) || /* Vertical forms */
-		    (uc >= 0xfe30 && uc <= 0xfe6f) || /* CJK Compatibility Forms */
-		    (uc >= 0xff00 && uc <= 0xff60) || /* Fullwidth Forms */
-		    (uc >= 0xffe0 && uc <= 0xffe6)
-		#if (HCL_SIZEOF_UCH_T > 2)
-		    ||
-		    (uc >= 0x20000 && uc <= 0x2fffd) ||
-		    (uc >= 0x30000 && uc <= 0x3fffd)
-		#endif
-		   )
-		{
-			return 2;
-		}
-	}
-
-	return 1;
-}
diff --git a/lib/utl.c b/lib/utl.c
index 25c2c23..52af694 100644
--- a/lib/utl.c
+++ b/lib/utl.c
@@ -44,149 +44,6 @@ hcl_oow_t hcl_hash_bytes_ (const hcl_oob_t* ptr, hcl_oow_t len)
 
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-static hcl_cmgr_t builtin_cmgr[] =
-{
-	/* keep the order aligned with hcl_cmgr_id_t values in <hcl-utl.h> */
-	{ hcl_utf8_to_uc,  hcl_uc_to_utf8 },
-	{ hcl_utf16_to_uc, hcl_uc_to_utf16 },
-	{ hcl_mb8_to_uc,   hcl_uc_to_mb8 }
-};
-
-hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_id (hcl_cmgr_id_t id)
-{
-	return &builtin_cmgr[id];
-}
-
-static struct
-{
-	const hcl_bch_t* name;
-	hcl_cmgr_id_t     id;
-} builtin_cmgr_tab[] =
-{
-	{ "utf8",    HCL_CMGR_UTF8 },
-	{ "utf16",   HCL_CMGR_UTF16 },
-	{ "mb8",     HCL_CMGR_MB8 }
-};
-
-
-hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_bcstr (const hcl_bch_t* name)
-{
-	if (name)
-	{
-		hcl_oow_t i;
-
-		for (i = 0; i < HCL_COUNTOF(builtin_cmgr_tab); i++)
-		{
-			if (hcl_comp_bcstr(name, builtin_cmgr_tab[i].name) == 0)
-			{
-				return &builtin_cmgr[builtin_cmgr_tab[i].id];
-			}
-		 }
-	}
-
-	return HCL_NULL;
-}
-
-hcl_cmgr_t* hcl_get_cmgr_by_ucstr (const hcl_uch_t* name)
-{
-	if (name)
-	{
-		hcl_oow_t i;
-
-		for (i = 0; i < HCL_COUNTOF(builtin_cmgr_tab); i++)
-		{
-			if (hcl_comp_ucstr_bcstr(name, builtin_cmgr_tab[i].name) == 0)
-			{
-				return &builtin_cmgr[builtin_cmgr_tab[i].id];
-			}
-		 }
-	}
-
-	return HCL_NULL;
-}
-
-/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-int hcl_conv_utf8_to_uchars (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
-{
-	/* the source is length bound */
-	return hcl_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF8], 0);
-}
-
-int hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf8 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
-{
-	/* length bound */
-	return hcl_conv_uchars_to_bchars_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF8]);
-}
-
-int hcl_conv_utf8_to_ucstr (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
-{
-	/* null-terminated. */
-	return hcl_conv_bcstr_to_ucstr_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF8], 0);
-}
-
-int hcl_conv_ucstr_to_utf8 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
-{
-	/* null-terminated */
-	return hcl_conv_ucstr_to_bcstr_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF8]);
-}
-
-/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-int hcl_conv_utf16_to_uchars (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
-{
-	/* the source is length bound */
-	return hcl_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF16], 0);
-}
-
-int hcl_conv_uchars_to_utf16 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
-{
-	/* length bound */
-	return hcl_conv_uchars_to_bchars_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF16]);
-}
-
-int hcl_conv_utf16_to_ucstr (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
-{
-	/* null-terminated. */
-	return hcl_conv_bcstr_to_ucstr_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF16], 0);
-}
-
-int hcl_conv_ucstr_to_utf16 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
-{
-	/* null-terminated */
-	return hcl_conv_ucstr_to_bcstr_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_UTF16]);
-}
-
-/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-int hcl_conv_mb8_to_uchars (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
-{
-	/* the source is length bound */
-	return hcl_conv_bchars_to_uchars_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_MB8], 0);
-}
-
-int hcl_conv_uchars_to_mb8 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
-{
-	/* length bound */
-	return hcl_conv_uchars_to_bchars_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_MB8]);
-}
-
-int hcl_conv_mb8_to_ucstr (const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
-{
-	/* null-terminated. */
-	return hcl_conv_bcstr_to_ucstr_with_cmgr(bcs, bcslen, ucs, ucslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_MB8], 0);
-}
-
-int hcl_conv_ucstr_to_mb8 (const hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen, hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen)
-{
-	/* null-terminated */
-	return hcl_conv_ucstr_to_bcstr_with_cmgr(ucs, ucslen, bcs, bcslen, &builtin_cmgr[HCL_CMGR_MB8]);
-}
-
-/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
 int hcl_convbtouchars (hcl_t* hcl, const hcl_bch_t* bcs, hcl_oow_t* bcslen, hcl_uch_t* ucs, hcl_oow_t* ucslen)
 {
 	/* length bound */