diff --git a/hawk/Makefile.in b/hawk/Makefile.in
index 3d664f88..53017675 100644
--- a/hawk/Makefile.in
+++ b/hawk/Makefile.in
@@ -353,7 +353,6 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
-runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@
diff --git a/hawk/bin/Makefile.in b/hawk/bin/Makefile.in
index 5b284ebd..7ba2a9e3 100644
--- a/hawk/bin/Makefile.in
+++ b/hawk/bin/Makefile.in
@@ -322,7 +322,6 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
-runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@
diff --git a/hawk/configure b/hawk/configure
index 5988c00a..dc58f387 100755
--- a/hawk/configure
+++ b/hawk/configure
@@ -784,7 +784,6 @@ infodir
 docdir
 oldincludedir
 includedir
-runstatedir
 localstatedir
 sharedstatedir
 sysconfdir
@@ -886,7 +885,6 @@ datadir='${datarootdir}'
 sysconfdir='${prefix}/etc'
 sharedstatedir='${prefix}/com'
 localstatedir='${prefix}/var'
-runstatedir='${localstatedir}/run'
 includedir='${prefix}/include'
 oldincludedir='/usr/include'
 docdir='${datarootdir}/doc/${PACKAGE_TARNAME}'
@@ -1139,15 +1137,6 @@ do
   | -silent | --silent | --silen | --sile | --sil)
     silent=yes ;;
 
-  -runstatedir | --runstatedir | --runstatedi | --runstated \
-  | --runstate | --runstat | --runsta | --runst | --runs \
-  | --run | --ru | --r)
-    ac_prev=runstatedir ;;
-  -runstatedir=* | --runstatedir=* | --runstatedi=* | --runstated=* \
-  | --runstate=* | --runstat=* | --runsta=* | --runst=* | --runs=* \
-  | --run=* | --ru=* | --r=*)
-    runstatedir=$ac_optarg ;;
-
   -sbindir | --sbindir | --sbindi | --sbind | --sbin | --sbi | --sb)
     ac_prev=sbindir ;;
   -sbindir=* | --sbindir=* | --sbindi=* | --sbind=* | --sbin=* \
@@ -1285,7 +1274,7 @@ fi
 for ac_var in	exec_prefix prefix bindir sbindir libexecdir datarootdir \
 		datadir sysconfdir sharedstatedir localstatedir includedir \
 		oldincludedir docdir infodir htmldir dvidir pdfdir psdir \
-		libdir localedir mandir runstatedir
+		libdir localedir mandir
 do
   eval ac_val=\$$ac_var
   # Remove trailing slashes.
@@ -1438,7 +1427,6 @@ Fine tuning of the installation directories:
   --sysconfdir=DIR        read-only single-machine data [PREFIX/etc]
   --sharedstatedir=DIR    modifiable architecture-independent data [PREFIX/com]
   --localstatedir=DIR     modifiable single-machine data [PREFIX/var]
-  --runstatedir=DIR       modifiable per-process data [LOCALSTATEDIR/run]
   --libdir=DIR            object code libraries [EPREFIX/lib]
   --includedir=DIR        C header files [PREFIX/include]
   --oldincludedir=DIR     C header files for non-gcc [/usr/include]
@@ -18083,7 +18071,7 @@ else
     We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807,
     since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers
     incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807.  */
-#define LARGE_OFF_T ((((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31) - 1 + (((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31))
+#define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62))
   int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721
 		       && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1)
 		      ? 1 : -1];
@@ -18129,7 +18117,7 @@ else
     We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807,
     since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers
     incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807.  */
-#define LARGE_OFF_T ((((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31) - 1 + (((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31))
+#define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62))
   int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721
 		       && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1)
 		      ? 1 : -1];
@@ -18153,7 +18141,7 @@ rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext
     We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807,
     since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers
     incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807.  */
-#define LARGE_OFF_T ((((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31) - 1 + (((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31))
+#define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62))
   int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721
 		       && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1)
 		      ? 1 : -1];
@@ -18198,7 +18186,7 @@ else
     We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807,
     since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers
     incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807.  */
-#define LARGE_OFF_T ((((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31) - 1 + (((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31))
+#define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62))
   int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721
 		       && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1)
 		      ? 1 : -1];
@@ -18222,7 +18210,7 @@ rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext
     We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807,
     since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers
     incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807.  */
-#define LARGE_OFF_T ((((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31) - 1 + (((off_t) 1 << 31) << 31))
+#define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62))
   int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721
 		       && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1)
 		      ? 1 : -1];
diff --git a/hawk/lib/Makefile.in b/hawk/lib/Makefile.in
index e838eed0..3597f0fb 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/Makefile.in
+++ b/hawk/lib/Makefile.in
@@ -561,7 +561,6 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
-runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@
diff --git a/hawk/lib/fnc.c b/hawk/lib/fnc.c
index 6c0333b2..856c9e69 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/fnc.c
+++ b/hawk/lib/fnc.c
@@ -418,13 +418,15 @@ skip_close:
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int flush_io (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int rio, const hawk_ooch_t* name, int n)
+static int flush_io (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, int n)
 {
 	int n2;
+	hawk_rio_type_t rio;
 
+	rio = hawk_rtx_outtoriotype(rtx, out_type);
 	if (rtx->rio.handler[rio])
 	{
-		n2 = hawk_rtx_flushio(rtx, rio, name);
+		n2 = hawk_rtx_flushio(rtx, out_type, name);
 		if (n2 <= -1)
 		{
 			/*
@@ -434,7 +436,7 @@ static int flush_io (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int rio, const hawk_ooch_t* name, int n)
 				if (n != 0) n = -2;
 			}
 			else n = -99; 
-			*/	
+			*/
 			if (hawk_rtx_geterrnum(rtx) == HAWK_EIONMNF) 
 			{
 				if (n != 0) n = -2;
diff --git a/hawk/lib/hawk-prv.h b/hawk/lib/hawk-prv.h
index f192d439..6f2ca193 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/hawk-prv.h
+++ b/hawk/lib/hawk-prv.h
@@ -173,16 +173,6 @@ typedef struct hawk_tree_t hawk_tree_t;
 
 #endif
 
-enum hawk_rio_type_t
-{
-	/* rio types available */
-	HAWK_RIO_PIPE,
-	HAWK_RIO_FILE,
-	HAWK_RIO_CONSOLE,
-
-	/* reserved for internal use only */
-	HAWK_RIO_NUM
-};
 
 struct hawk_tree_t
 {
diff --git a/hawk/lib/mod-hawk.c b/hawk/lib/mod-hawk.c
index e72f330a..4decd0cd 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/mod-hawk.c
+++ b/hawk/lib/mod-hawk.c
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ static hawk_oow_t push_args_from_stack (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_nde_fncall_t* call
 
 static int fnc_call (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
+/* TODO: support to call a module function such as sys::getpid() */
 	hawk_fun_t* fun;
 	hawk_oow_t nargs;
 	hawk_nde_fncall_t call;
@@ -126,24 +127,33 @@ static int fnc_call (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/* hawk::function_exists("xxxx"); */
+/* hawk::function_exists("xxxx"); 
+ * hawk::function_exists("sys::getpid") */
 static int fnc_function_exists (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 {
 	hawk_val_t* a0;
-	hawk_ooch_t* str;
-	hawk_oow_t len;
+	hawk_oocs_t name;
 	int rx;
 
 	a0 = hawk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0);
-	str = hawk_rtx_getvaloocstr(rtx, a0, &len);
-	if (HAWK_UNLIKELY(!str))
+	name.ptr = hawk_rtx_getvaloocstr(rtx, a0, &name.len);
+	if (HAWK_UNLIKELY(!name.ptr))
 	{
 		rx = 0;
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		rx = (hawk_rtx_findfunwithoocstr(rtx, str) != HAWK_NULL);
-		hawk_rtx_freevaloocstr (rtx, a0, str);
+		if (hawk_count_oocstr(name.ptr) != name.len) rx = 0;
+		else
+		{
+			rx = (hawk_rtx_findfunwithoocstr(rtx, name.ptr) != HAWK_NULL);
+			if (!rx)
+			{
+				hawk_mod_sym_t sym;
+				rx = (hawk_query_module_with_name(hawk_rtx_gethawk(rtx), &name, &sym) != HAWK_NULL);
+			}
+		}
+		hawk_rtx_freevaloocstr (rtx, a0, name.ptr);
 	}
 
 	hawk_rtx_setretval (rtx, hawk_rtx_makeintval(rtx, rx));
diff --git a/hawk/lib/parse-prv.h b/hawk/lib/parse-prv.h
index 564004a8..295251d0 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/parse-prv.h
+++ b/hawk/lib/parse-prv.h
@@ -116,6 +116,13 @@ void hawk_clearsionames (
 	hawk_t* hawk
 );
 
+
+hawk_mod_t* hawk_query_module_with_name (
+	hawk_t*            hawk,
+	const hawk_oocs_t* name,
+	hawk_mod_sym_t*    sym
+);
+
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/hawk/lib/parse.c b/hawk/lib/parse.c
index 3a913cbe..59808927 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/parse.c
+++ b/hawk/lib/parse.c
@@ -254,7 +254,6 @@ static int flush_out (hawk_t* hawk);
 static hawk_mod_t* query_module (hawk_t* hawk, const hawk_oocs_t segs[], int nsegs, hawk_mod_sym_t* sym);
 
 typedef struct kwent_t kwent_t;
-
 struct kwent_t 
 { 
 	hawk_oocs_t name;
@@ -3061,7 +3060,7 @@ static hawk_nde_t* parse_print (hawk_t* hawk, const hawk_loc_t* xloc)
 	hawk_nde_print_t* nde;
 	hawk_nde_t* args = HAWK_NULL; 
 	hawk_nde_t* out = HAWK_NULL;
-	int out_type;
+	hawk_out_type_t out_type;
 	hawk_nde_type_t type;
 	hawk_loc_t eloc;
 
@@ -3224,7 +3223,6 @@ static hawk_nde_t* parse_print (hawk_t* hawk, const hawk_loc_t* xloc)
 
 					out = ep->right;
 					out_type = tab[i].out;
-
 					hawk_freemem (hawk, tmp);
 					break;
 				}
@@ -7433,7 +7431,7 @@ static hawk_mod_t* query_module (hawk_t* hawk, const hawk_oocs_t segs[], int nse
 
 	HAWK_ASSERT (nsegs == 2);
 
-	pair = hawk_rbt_search (hawk->modtab, segs[0].ptr, segs[0].len);
+	pair = hawk_rbt_search(hawk->modtab, segs[0].ptr, segs[0].len);
 	if (pair)
 	{
 		mdp = (hawk_mod_data_t*)HAWK_RBT_VPTR(pair);
@@ -7468,7 +7466,7 @@ static hawk_mod_t* query_module (hawk_t* hawk, const hawk_oocs_t segs[], int nse
 		/* TODO: binary search ... */
 		for (n = 0; n < HAWK_COUNTOF(static_modtab); n++)
 		{
-			if (hawk_comp_oocstr(static_modtab[n].modname, segs[0].ptr, 0) == 0) 
+			if (hawk_comp_oochars_oocstr(segs[0].ptr, segs[0].len, static_modtab[n].modname) == 0)
 			{
 				load = static_modtab[n].modload;
 				break;
@@ -7491,7 +7489,7 @@ static hawk_mod_t* query_module (hawk_t* hawk, const hawk_oocs_t segs[], int nse
 			/* i copy-insert 'md' into the table before calling 'load'.
 			 * to pass the same address to load(), query(), etc */
 			pair = hawk_rbt_insert(hawk->modtab, segs[0].ptr, segs[0].len, &md, HAWK_SIZEOF(md));
-			if (pair == HAWK_NULL) return HAWK_NULL;
+			if (!pair) return HAWK_NULL;
 
 			mdp = (hawk_mod_data_t*)HAWK_RBT_VPTR(pair);
 			if (load(&mdp->mod, hawk) <= -1)
@@ -7601,3 +7599,26 @@ done:
 	}
 	return &mdp->mod;
 }
+
+
+hawk_mod_t* hawk_query_module_with_name (hawk_t* hawk, const hawk_oocs_t* name, hawk_mod_sym_t* sym)
+{
+	const hawk_ooch_t* dc;
+	hawk_oocs_t segs[2]; 
+/*TOOD: non-module builtin function? fnc? */
+
+	dc = hawk_find_oochars_in_oochars(name->ptr, name->len, HAWK_T("::"), 2, 0);
+	if (!dc) 
+	{
+		hawk_seterrfmt (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_EINVAL, HAWK_T("invalid module name -  %js"), name);
+		return HAWK_NULL;
+	}
+
+	segs[0].ptr = name->ptr;
+	segs[0].len = dc - name->ptr;
+
+	segs[1].ptr = segs[0].ptr + segs[0].len + 2;
+	segs[1].len = name->len - segs[0].len - 2;
+
+	return query_module(hawk, segs, 2, sym);
+}
diff --git a/hawk/lib/rio-prv.h b/hawk/lib/rio-prv.h
index f8ed8f9a..f7ec038b 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/rio-prv.h
+++ b/hawk/lib/rio-prv.h
@@ -27,38 +27,53 @@
 #ifndef _HAWK_RIO_PRV_H_
 #define _HAWK_RIO_PRV_H_
 
+enum hawk_rio_type_t
+{
+	/* rio types available */
+	HAWK_RIO_PIPE = 0,
+	HAWK_RIO_FILE = 1,
+	HAWK_RIO_CONSOLE = 2,
+
+	/* reserved for internal use only */
+	HAWK_RIO_NUM
+};
+typedef enum hawk_rio_type_t hawk_rio_type_t;
+
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
+hawk_rio_type_t hawk_rtx_intoriotype (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type);
+hawk_rio_type_t hawk_rtx_outtoriotype (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t out_type);
+
 int hawk_rtx_readio (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, 
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type, 
 	const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_ooecs_t* buf);
 
 int hawk_rtx_readiobytes (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, 
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type, 
 	const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_becs_t* buf);
 
 int hawk_rtx_writeioval (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, 
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, 
 	const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_val_t* v);
 
 int hawk_rtx_writeiostr (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, 
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, 
 	const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_ooch_t* str, hawk_oow_t len);
 
 int hawk_rtx_writeiobytes (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, 
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, 
 	const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_bch_t* str, hawk_oow_t len);
 
 int hawk_rtx_flushio (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name);
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name);
 
 int hawk_rtx_nextio_read (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name);
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name);
 
 int hawk_rtx_nextio_write (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name);
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name);
 
 int hawk_rtx_closeio (
 	hawk_rtx_t*        rtx,
diff --git a/hawk/lib/rio.c b/hawk/lib/rio.c
index 07855cc4..ae3303ba 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/rio.c
+++ b/hawk/lib/rio.c
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ enum io_mask_t
 	IO_MASK_CLEAR = 0x00FF
 };
 
-static int in_type_map[] =
+static hawk_rio_type_t in_type_map[] =
 {
 	/* the order should match the order of the 
 	 * HAWK_IN_XXX values in tree.h */
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ static int in_mask_map[] =
 	IO_MASK_READ
 };
 
-static int out_type_map[] =
+static hawk_rio_type_t out_type_map[] =
 {
 	/* the order should match the order of the 
 	 * HAWK_OUT_XXX values in tree.h */
@@ -93,8 +93,18 @@ static int out_mask_map[] =
 	IO_MASK_WRITE
 };
 
+hawk_rio_type_t hawk_rtx_intoriotype (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type)
+{
+	return in_type_map[in_type];
+}
+
+hawk_rio_type_t hawk_rtx_outtoriotype (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t out_type)
+{
+	return out_type_map[out_type];
+}
+
 static int find_rio_in (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name,
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name,
 	int mbs_if_new, hawk_rio_arg_t** rio, hawk_rio_impl_t* fun)
 {
 	hawk_rio_arg_t* p = rtx->rio.chain;
@@ -353,7 +363,7 @@ static HAWK_INLINE int match_long_brs(hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_becs_t* buf, hawk_ri
 	return ret;
 }
 
-int hawk_rtx_readio (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_ooecs_t* buf)
+int hawk_rtx_readio (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_ooecs_t* buf)
 {
 	hawk_rio_arg_t* p;
 	hawk_rio_impl_t handler;
@@ -671,7 +681,7 @@ int hawk_rtx_readio (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk
 }
 
 
-int hawk_rtx_readiobytes (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_becs_t* buf)
+int hawk_rtx_readiobytes (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_becs_t* buf)
 {
 	hawk_rio_arg_t* p;
 	hawk_rio_impl_t handler;
@@ -989,7 +999,7 @@ int hawk_rtx_readiobytes (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name,
 }
 
 
-int hawk_rtx_writeioval (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_val_t* v)
+int hawk_rtx_writeioval (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_val_t* v)
 {
 	hawk_val_type_t vtype;
 	vtype = HAWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE (rtx, v);
@@ -1034,7 +1044,7 @@ struct write_io_data_t
 };
 typedef struct write_io_data_t write_io_data_t;
 
-static int prepare_for_write_io_data (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, write_io_data_t* wid)
+static int prepare_for_write_io_data (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, write_io_data_t* wid)
 {
 	hawk_rio_arg_t* p = rtx->rio.chain;
 	hawk_rio_impl_t handler;
@@ -1122,7 +1132,7 @@ static int prepare_for_write_io_data (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_
 	return 1;
 }
 
-int hawk_rtx_writeiostr (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_ooch_t* str, hawk_oow_t len)
+int hawk_rtx_writeiostr (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_ooch_t* str, hawk_oow_t len)
 {
 	int x;
 	write_io_data_t wid;
@@ -1149,7 +1159,7 @@ int hawk_rtx_writeiostr (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name,
 	return 1;
 }
 
-int hawk_rtx_writeiobytes (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_bch_t* str, hawk_oow_t len)
+int hawk_rtx_writeiobytes (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name, hawk_bch_t* str, hawk_oow_t len)
 {
 	int x;
 	write_io_data_t wid;
@@ -1176,7 +1186,7 @@ int hawk_rtx_writeiobytes (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* nam
 	return 1;
 }
 
-int hawk_rtx_flushio (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
+int hawk_rtx_flushio (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
 {
 	hawk_rio_arg_t* p = rtx->rio.chain;
 	hawk_rio_impl_t handler;
@@ -1226,7 +1236,7 @@ int hawk_rtx_flushio (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
 	return -1;
 }
 
-int hawk_rtx_nextio_read (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
+int hawk_rtx_nextio_read (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
 {
 	hawk_rio_arg_t* p = rtx->rio.chain;
 	hawk_rio_impl_t handler;
@@ -1295,7 +1305,7 @@ int hawk_rtx_nextio_read (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
 	}
 }
 
-int hawk_rtx_nextio_write (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
+int hawk_rtx_nextio_write (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
 {
 	hawk_rio_arg_t* p = rtx->rio.chain;
 	hawk_rio_impl_t handler;
@@ -1360,7 +1370,7 @@ int hawk_rtx_nextio_write (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* nam
 	}
 }
 
-int hawk_rtx_closio_read (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
+int hawk_rtx_closio_read (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_in_type_t in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
 {
 	hawk_rio_arg_t* p = rtx->rio.chain, * px = HAWK_NULL;
 	hawk_rio_impl_t handler;
@@ -1417,7 +1427,7 @@ int hawk_rtx_closio_read (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int in_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
 	return -1;
 }
 
-int hawk_rtx_closio_write (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
+int hawk_rtx_closio_write (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* name)
 {
 	hawk_rio_arg_t* p = rtx->rio.chain, * px = HAWK_NULL;
 	hawk_rio_impl_t handler;
diff --git a/hawk/lib/run.c b/hawk/lib/run.c
index 8bf2550c..2afdd92e 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/run.c
+++ b/hawk/lib/run.c
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ static int run_reset (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_nde_reset_t* nde);
 static int run_print (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_nde_print_t* nde);
 static int run_printf (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_nde_print_t* nde);
 
-static int output_formatted (hawk_rtx_t* run, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* dst, 	const hawk_ooch_t* fmt, hawk_oow_t fmt_len, hawk_nde_t* args);
-static int output_formatted_bytes (hawk_rtx_t* run, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* dst, const hawk_bch_t* fmt, hawk_oow_t fmt_len, hawk_nde_t* args);
+static int output_formatted (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* dst, const hawk_ooch_t* fmt, hawk_oow_t fmt_len, hawk_nde_t* args);
+static int output_formatted_bytes (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* dst, const hawk_bch_t* fmt, hawk_oow_t fmt_len, hawk_nde_t* args);
 
 static hawk_val_t* eval_expression (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_nde_t* nde);
 static hawk_val_t* eval_expression0 (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_nde_t* nde);
@@ -3307,8 +3307,7 @@ static int run_print (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_nde_print_t* nde)
 	/* check if print is followed by any arguments */
 	if (!nde->args)
 	{
-		/* if it doesn't have any arguments, print the entire 
-		 * input record */
+		/* if it doesn't have any arguments, print the entire input record */
 		n = hawk_rtx_writeiostr(rtx, nde->out_type, out.ptr, HAWK_OOECS_PTR(&rtx->inrec.line), HAWK_OOECS_LEN(&rtx->inrec.line));
 		if (n <= -1 /*&& rtx->errinf.num != HAWK_EIOIMPL*/)
 		{
@@ -3456,7 +3455,7 @@ static int run_printf (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_nde_print_t* nde)
 
 	v = eval_expression(rtx, head);
 	if (HAWK_UNLIKELY(!v)) goto oops_1;
-	
+
 	hawk_rtx_refupval (rtx, v);
 	vtype = HAWK_RTX_GETVALTYPE(rtx, v);
 	switch (vtype)
@@ -3525,7 +3524,7 @@ oops_1:
 }
 
 static int output_formatted (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* dst, 
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* dst, 
 	const hawk_ooch_t* fmt, hawk_oow_t fmt_len, hawk_nde_t* args)
 {
 	hawk_ooch_t* ptr;
@@ -3545,7 +3544,7 @@ static int output_formatted (
 }
 
 static int output_formatted_bytes (
-	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, int out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* dst, 
+	hawk_rtx_t* rtx, hawk_out_type_t out_type, const hawk_ooch_t* dst, 
 	const hawk_bch_t* fmt, hawk_oow_t fmt_len, hawk_nde_t* args)
 {
 	hawk_bch_t* ptr;
diff --git a/hawk/lib/std.c b/hawk/lib/std.c
index 1a25f4e1..1d4e3918 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/std.c
+++ b/hawk/lib/std.c
@@ -313,206 +313,254 @@ static void* std_mod_open_checked (hawk_t* hawk, const hawk_mod_spec_t* spec)
 void* hawk_stdmodopen (hawk_t* hawk, const hawk_mod_spec_t* spec)
 {
 #if defined(USE_LTDL)
-	void* h;
-	lt_dladvise adv;
-	hawk_bch_t* modpath;
-	const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
-	int count;
-	static hawk_ooch_t ds[] = { '/', '\0' };
-
-	count = 0;
-	if (spec->libdir) 
+	if (spec)
 	{
-		hawk_oow_t len;
+		void* h;
+		lt_dladvise adv;
+		hawk_bch_t* modpath;
+		const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
+		int count;
+		static hawk_ooch_t ds[] = { '/', '\0' };
 
-		tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
-		len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
-		if (len > 0 && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '/') tmp[count++] = ds;
+		count = 0;
+		if (spec->libdir) 
+		{
+			hawk_oow_t len;
+
+			tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
+			len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
+			if (len > 0 && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '/') tmp[count++] = ds;
+		}
+		if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
+		tmp[count++] = spec->name;
+		if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
+		tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
+
+		#if defined(HAWK_OOCH_IS_BCH)
+		modpath = hawk_dupbcstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
+		#else
+		modpath = hawk_dupucstrarrtobcstr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL)
+		#endif
+		if (!modpath) return HAWK_NULL;
+
+		if (lt_dladvise_init(&adv) != 0)
+		{
+			hawk_seterrfmt (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR, HAWK_T("%hs"), lt_dlerror());
+			return HAWK_NULL;
+		}
+
+		lt_dladvise_ext (&adv);
+		/*lt_dladvise_resident (&adv); useful for debugging with valgrind */
+
+		h = lt_dlopenadvise(modpath, adv);
+		if (!h) hawk_seterrfmt (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR, HAWK_T("%hs"), lt_dlerror());
+
+		lt_dladvise_destroy (&adv);
+
+		if (modpath) hawk_freemem(hawk, modpath);
+		return h;
 	}
-	if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
-	tmp[count++] = spec->name;
-	if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
-	tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
-
-	#if defined(HAWK_OOCH_IS_BCH)
-	modpath = hawk_dupbcstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
-	#else
-	modpath = hawk_dupucstrarrtobcstr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL)
-	#endif
-	if (!modpath) return HAWK_NULL;
-
-	if (lt_dladvise_init(&adv) != 0)
+	else
 	{
-		hawk_seterrfmt (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR, HAWK_T("%hs"), lt_dlerror());
-		return HAWK_NULL;
+		void* h;
+		h = lt_dlopen(NULL);
+		if (HAWK_UNLIKELY(!h)) hawk_seterrfmt (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR, HAWK_T("%hs"), lt_dlerror());
+		return h;
 	}
 
-	lt_dladvise_ext (&adv);
-	/*lt_dladvise_resident (&adv); useful for debugging with valgrind */
-
-	h = lt_dlopenadvise(modpath, adv);
-
-	lt_dladvise_destroy (&adv);
-
-	if (modpath) hawk_freemem(hawk, modpath);
-	return h;
-
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
 
-	HMODULE h;
-	hawk_ooch_t* modpath;
-	const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
-	int count;
-	static hawk_ooch_t ds[][2] = { { '\\', '\0' }, { '/', '\0' } }
-                                       false 0              treu 1
-	count = 0;
-	if (spec->libdir) 
+	if (spec)
 	{
-		hawk_oow_t len;
-
-		tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
-		len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
-		if (len > 0 && (spec->libdir[len - 1] != '/' && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '\\')) 
+		HMODULE h;
+		hawk_ooch_t* modpath;
+		const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
+		int count;
+		static hawk_ooch_t ds[][2] = { { '\\', '\0' }, { '/', '\0' } }
+								    false 0              treu 1
+		count = 0;
+		if (spec->libdir) 
 		{
-			tmp[count++] = ds[hawk_find_oochar_in_oocstr(spec->libdir, '/') != HAWK_NULL];
+			hawk_oow_t len;
+
+			tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
+			len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
+			if (len > 0 && (spec->libdir[len - 1] != '/' && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '\\')) 
+			{
+				tmp[count++] = ds[hawk_find_oochar_in_oocstr(spec->libdir, '/') != HAWK_NULL];
+			}
 		}
+		if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
+		tmp[count++] = spec->name;
+		if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
+		tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
+
+		modpath = hawk_dupoocstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
+		if (!modpath) return HAWK_NULL;
+
+		h = LoadLibrary(modpath);
+		if (!h) hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, hawk_syserr_to_errnum(GetLastError());
+
+		hawk_freemem (hawk, modpath);
+
+		HAWK_ASSERT (HAWK_SIZEOF(h) <= HAWK_SIZEOF(void*));
+		return h;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		HMODULE h;
+		h = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
+		if (!h) hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, hawk_syserr_to_errnum(GetLastError());
+		return h;
 	}
-	if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
-	tmp[count++] = spec->name;
-	if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
-	tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
-
-	modpath = hawk_dupoocstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
-	if (!modpath) return HAWK_NULL;
-
-	h = LoadLibrary(modpath);
-	if (!h) hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, hawk_syserr_to_errnum(GetLastError());
-
-	hawk_freemem (hawk, modpath);
-
-	HAWK_ASSERT (HAWK_SIZEOF(h) <= HAWK_SIZEOF(void*));
-	return h;
 
 #elif defined(__OS2__)
 
-	HMODULE h;
-	hawk_bch_t* modpath;
-	const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
-	int count;
-	char errbuf[CCHMAXPATH];
-	APIRET rc;
-	static hawk_ooch_t ds[] = { '\\', '\0' };
-
-	count = 0;
-	if (spec->libdir) 
+	if (spec)
 	{
-		hawk_oow_t len;
+		HMODULE h;
+		hawk_bch_t* modpath;
+		const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
+		int count;
+		char errbuf[CCHMAXPATH];
+		APIRET rc;
+		static hawk_ooch_t ds[] = { '\\', '\0' };
 
-		tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
-		len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
-		if (len > 0 && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '\\') tmp[count++] = ds;
+		count = 0;
+		if (spec->libdir) 
+		{
+			hawk_oow_t len;
+
+			tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
+			len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
+			if (len > 0 && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '\\') tmp[count++] = ds;
+		}
+		if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
+		tmp[count++] = spec->name;
+		if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
+		tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
+
+		#if defined(HAWK_OOCH_IS_BCH)
+		modpath = hawk_dupbcstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
+		#else
+		modpath = hawk_dupucstrarrtobcstr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
+		#endif
+		if (HAWK_UNLIKELY(!modpath)) return HAWK_NULL;
+
+		/* DosLoadModule() seems to have severe limitation on 
+		 * the file name it can load (max-8-letters.xxx) */
+		rc = DosLoadModule(errbuf, HAWK_COUNTOF(errbuf) - 1, modpath, &h);
+		if (rc != NO_ERROR) 
+		{
+			h = HAWK_NULL;
+			hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, hawk_syserr_to_errnum(rc));
+		}
+
+		hawk_freemem (hawk, modpath);
+
+		HAWK_ASSERT (HAWK_SIZEOF(h) <= HAWK_SIZEOF(void*));
+		return h;
 	}
-	if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
-	tmp[count++] = spec->name;
-	if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
-	tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
-
-	#if defined(HAWK_OOCH_IS_BCH)
-	modpath = hawk_dupbcstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
-	#else
-	modpath = hawk_dupucstrarrtobcstr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
-	#endif
-	if (!modpath) return HAWK_NULL;
-
-	/* DosLoadModule() seems to have severe limitation on 
-	 * the file name it can load (max-8-letters.xxx) */
-	rc = DosLoadModule(errbuf, HAWK_COUNTOF(errbuf) - 1, modpath, &h);
-	if (rc != NO_ERROR) 
+	else
 	{
-		h = HAWK_NULL;
-		hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, hawk_syserr_to_errnum(rc));
+		hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ENOIMPL);
+		return HAWK_NULL;
 	}
 
-	hawk_freemem (hawk, modpath);
-
-	HAWK_ASSERT (HAWK_SIZEOF(h) <= HAWK_SIZEOF(void*));
-	return h;
-
 #elif defined(__DOS__) && defined(HAWK_ENABLE_DOS_DYNAMIC_MODULE)
 
-	/* the DOS code here is not generic enough. it's for a specific
-	 * dos-extender only. the best is not to use dynamic loading
-	 * when building for DOS. */
-	void* h;
-	hawk_bch_t* modpath;
-	const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
-	int count;
-	static hawk_ooch_t ds[] = { '\\', '\0' };
-
-	count = 0;
-	if (spec->libdir) 
+	if (spec)
 	{
-		hawk_oow_t len;
+		/* the DOS code here is not generic enough. it's for a specific
+		 * dos-extender only. the best is not to use dynamic loading
+		 * when building for DOS. */
+		void* h;
+		hawk_bch_t* modpath;
+		const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
+		int count;
+		static hawk_ooch_t ds[] = { '\\', '\0' };
 
-		tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
-		len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
-		if (len > 0 && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '/') tmp[count++] = ds;
+		count = 0;
+		if (spec->libdir) 
+		{
+			hawk_oow_t len;
+
+			tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
+			len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
+			if (len > 0 && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '/') tmp[count++] = ds;
+		}
+		if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
+		tmp[count++] = spec->name;
+		if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
+		tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
+
+		#if defined(HAWK_OOCH_IS_BCH)
+		modpath = hawk_dupbcstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
+		#else
+		modpath = hawk_dupucstrarrtobcstr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
+		#endif
+		if (!modpath) return HAWK_NULL;
+
+		h = LoadModule(modpath);
+		if (!h) hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR);
+
+		hawk_freemem (hawk, modpath);
+		
+		HAWK_ASSERT (HAWK_SIZEOF(h) <= HAWK_SIZEOF(void*));
+		return h;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		void* h;
+		h = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
+		if (!h) hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR);
+		return h;
 	}
-	if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
-	tmp[count++] = spec->name;
-	if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
-	tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
-
-	#if defined(HAWK_OOCH_IS_BCH)
-	modpath = hawk_dupbcstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
-	#else
-	modpath = hawk_dupucstrarrtobcstr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
-	#endif
-	if (!modpath) return HAWK_NULL;
-
-	h = LoadModule(modpath);
-	if (!h) hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR);
-
-	hawk_freemem (hawk, modpath);
-	
-	HAWK_ASSERT (HAWK_SIZEOF(h) <= HAWK_SIZEOF(void*));
-	return h;
 
 #elif defined(USE_DLFCN)
-	void* h;
-	hawk_bch_t* modpath;
-	const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
-	int count;
-	static hawk_ooch_t ds[] = { '/', '\0' };
-
-	count = 0;
-	if (spec->libdir) 
+	if (spec)
 	{
-		hawk_oow_t len;
+		void* h;
+		hawk_bch_t* modpath;
+		const hawk_ooch_t* tmp[6];
+		int count;
+		static hawk_ooch_t ds[] = { '/', '\0' };
 
-		tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
-		len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
-		if (len > 0 && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '/') tmp[count++] = ds;
+		count = 0;
+		if (spec->libdir) 
+		{
+			hawk_oow_t len;
+
+			tmp[count++] = spec->libdir;
+			len = hawk_count_oocstr(spec->libdir);
+			if (len > 0 && spec->libdir[len - 1] != '/') tmp[count++] = ds;
+		}
+		if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
+		tmp[count++] = spec->name;
+		if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
+		tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
+
+		#if defined(HAWK_OOCH_IS_BCH)
+		modpath = hawk_dupbcstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
+		#else
+		modpath = hawk_dupucstrarrtobcstr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
+		#endif
+		if (!modpath) return HAWK_NULL;
+
+		h = dlopen(modpath, RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL);
+		if (!h) hawk_seterrfmt (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR, HAWK_T("%hs"), dlerror());
+
+		hawk_freemem (hawk, modpath);
+
+		return h;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		void* h;
+		h = dlopen(NULL, RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL);
+		if (!h) hawk_seterrfmt (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR, HAWK_T("%hs"), dlerror());
+		return h;
 	}
-	if (spec->prefix) tmp[count++] = spec->prefix;
-	tmp[count++] = spec->name;
-	if (spec->postfix) tmp[count++] = spec->postfix;
-	tmp[count] = HAWK_NULL;
-
-	#if defined(HAWK_OOCH_IS_BCH)
-	modpath = hawk_dupbcstrarr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
-	#else
-	modpath = hawk_dupucstrarrtobcstr(hawk, tmp, HAWK_NULL);
-	#endif
-	if (!modpath) return HAWK_NULL;
-
-	h = dlopen(modpath, RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL);
-	if (!h) hawk_seterrfmt (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ESYSERR, HAWK_T("%hs"), dlerror());
-
-	hawk_freemem (hawk, modpath);
-
-	return h;
-
 #else
 	hawk_seterrnum (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ENOIMPL);
 	return HAWK_NULL;
@@ -524,11 +572,11 @@ void hawk_stdmodclose (hawk_t* hawk, void* handle)
 #if defined(USE_LTDL)
 	lt_dlclose (handle);
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
-	FreeLibrary ((HMODULE)handle);
+	if (handle != GetModuleHandle(NULL)) FreeLibrary ((HMODULE)handle);
 #elif defined(__OS2__)
 	DosFreeModule ((HMODULE)handle);
 #elif defined(__DOS__) && defined(HAWK_ENABLE_DOS_DYNAMIC_MODULE)
-	FreeModule (handle);
+	if (handle != GetModuleHandle(NULL))  FreeModule (handle);
 #elif defined(USE_DLFCN)
 	dlclose (handle);
 #else
diff --git a/hawk/lib/tree-prv.h b/hawk/lib/tree-prv.h
index e00ca84a..22f27f3d 100644
--- a/hawk/lib/tree-prv.h
+++ b/hawk/lib/tree-prv.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #ifndef _HAWK_TREE_PRV_H_
 #define _HAWK_TREE_PRV_H_
 
+
 enum hawk_in_type_t
 {
 	/* the order of these values match 
@@ -37,6 +38,8 @@ enum hawk_in_type_t
 	HAWK_IN_FILE,
 	HAWK_IN_CONSOLE
 };
+typedef enum hawk_in_type_t hawk_in_type_t;
+
 
 enum hawk_out_type_t
 {
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@ enum hawk_out_type_t
 	HAWK_OUT_APFILE, /* file for appending */
 	HAWK_OUT_CONSOLE
 };
+typedef enum hawk_out_type_t hawk_out_type_t;
 
 typedef struct hawk_nde_blk_t       hawk_nde_blk_t;
 typedef struct hawk_nde_grp_t       hawk_nde_grp_t;
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ typedef struct hawk_nde_getline_t   hawk_nde_getline_t;
 typedef struct hawk_nde_if_t        hawk_nde_if_t;
 typedef struct hawk_nde_while_t     hawk_nde_while_t;
 typedef struct hawk_nde_for_t       hawk_nde_for_t;
-typedef struct hawk_nde_forin_t   hawk_nde_forin_t;
+typedef struct hawk_nde_forin_t     hawk_nde_forin_t;
 typedef struct hawk_nde_break_t     hawk_nde_break_t;
 typedef struct hawk_nde_continue_t  hawk_nde_continue_t;
 typedef struct hawk_nde_return_t    hawk_nde_return_t;
@@ -258,7 +262,7 @@ struct hawk_nde_getline_t
 	HAWK_NDE_HDR;
 	hawk_nde_t* var;
 	int mbs;
-	int in_type; /* HAWK_IN_CONSOLE, HAWK_IN_FILE, etc */
+	hawk_in_type_t in_type; /* HAWK_IN_CONSOLE, HAWK_IN_FILE, etc */
 	hawk_nde_t* in;
 };
 
@@ -356,7 +360,7 @@ struct hawk_nde_print_t
 {
 	HAWK_NDE_HDR;
 	hawk_nde_t* args;
-	int out_type; /* HAWK_OUT_XXX */
+	hawk_out_type_t out_type; /* HAWK_OUT_XXX */
 	hawk_nde_t* out;
 };
 
diff --git a/hawk/mod/Makefile.in b/hawk/mod/Makefile.in
index b4985644..b4ccaac3 100644
--- a/hawk/mod/Makefile.in
+++ b/hawk/mod/Makefile.in
@@ -398,7 +398,6 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
-runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@
diff --git a/hawk/mod/mod-ffi.c b/hawk/mod/mod-ffi.c
index 67c3c086..93ff9706 100644
--- a/hawk/mod/mod-ffi.c
+++ b/hawk/mod/mod-ffi.c
@@ -194,21 +194,28 @@ static ffi_node_t* new_ffi_node (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, ffi_list_t* ffi_list, const ha
 {
 	hawk_t* hawk = hawk_rtx_gethawk(rtx);
 	ffi_node_t* ffi_node;
-	hawk_mod_spec_t spec;
+	
 	void* handle;
 
 	ffi_node = __new_ffi_node(rtx, ffi_list);
 	if (!ffi_node) return HAWK_NULL;
 
-	HAWK_MEMSET (&spec, 0, HAWK_SIZEOF(spec));
-	spec.name = name;
-
-	handle = hawk->prm.modopen(hawk, &spec);
+	if (name)
+	{
+		hawk_mod_spec_t spec;
+		HAWK_MEMSET (&spec, 0, HAWK_SIZEOF(spec));
+		spec.name = name;
+		handle = hawk->prm.modopen(hawk, &spec);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		handle = hawk->prm.modopen(hawk, HAWK_NULL);
+	}
 	if (!handle) 
 	{
 		const hawk_ooch_t* olderrmsg;
 		olderrmsg = hawk_backuperrmsg(hawk);
-		hawk_rtx_seterrfmt (rtx, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ENOMEM, HAWK_T("unable to open the '%js' ffi module - %js"), name, olderrmsg);
+		hawk_rtx_seterrfmt (rtx, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_ENOMEM, HAWK_T("unable to open the '%js' ffi module - %js"), (name? name: HAWK_T("")), olderrmsg);
 
 		__free_ffi_node (rtx, ffi_list, ffi_node);
 		return HAWK_NULL;
@@ -318,18 +325,26 @@ static int fnc_open (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 
 	ffi_list = rtx_to_ffi_list(rtx, fi);
 
-	a0 = hawk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0);
-	name.ptr = hawk_rtx_getvaloocstr(rtx, a0, &name.len);
-	if (HAWK_UNLIKELY(!name.ptr))
+	if (hawk_rtx_getnargs(rtx) >= 1)
 	{
-		ret = copy_error_to_ffi_list (rtx, ffi_list);
-		goto done;
-	}
+		a0 = hawk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0);
+		name.ptr = hawk_rtx_getvaloocstr(rtx, a0, &name.len);
+		if (HAWK_UNLIKELY(!name.ptr))
+		{
+			ret = copy_error_to_ffi_list (rtx, ffi_list);
+			goto done;
+		}
 
-	if (name.len != hawk_count_oocstr(name.ptr))
+		if (name.len != hawk_count_oocstr(name.ptr))
+		{
+			ret = set_error_on_ffi_list(rtx, ffi_list, HAWK_EINVAL, HAWK_T("invalid ffi module name '%.*js'"), name.len, name.ptr);
+			goto done;
+		}
+	}
+	else
 	{
-		ret = set_error_on_ffi_list(rtx, ffi_list, HAWK_EINVAL, HAWK_T("invalid ffi module name '%.*js'"), name.len, name.ptr);
-		goto done;
+		name.ptr = HAWK_NULL;
+		a0 = HAWK_NULL;
 	}
 
 	ffi_node = new_ffi_node(rtx, ffi_list, name.ptr);
@@ -623,7 +638,7 @@ oops:
 	return -1;
 }
 
-static int capture_return (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, ffi_list_t* ffi_list, ffi_node_t* ffi_node, hawk_ooch_t fmtc, int _unsigned, hawk_int_t* rx)
+static int capture_return (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, ffi_list_t* ffi_list, ffi_node_t* ffi_node, hawk_ooch_t fmtc, int _unsigned, hawk_oow_t refidx, hawk_int_t* rx)
 {
 	hawk_val_t* r;
 	ffi_t* ffi = &ffi_node->ffi;
@@ -646,7 +661,7 @@ static int capture_return (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, ffi_list_t* ffi_list, ffi_node_t* ff
 
 		case FMTC_INT64:
 		#if (HAWK_SIZEOF_INT64_T > 0)
-			r = hawk_rtx_makeintval(rtx, _unsigned? ffi->ret_sv.ui64: ffi->ret_sv.i64);		
+			r = hawk_rtx_makeintval(rtx, _unsigned? ffi->ret_sv.ui64: ffi->ret_sv.i64);
 			break;
 		#else
 			hawk_rtx_seterrbfmt (hawk, HAWK_NULL, HAWK_EINVAL, "invalid return type signature - %jc", fmtc);
@@ -688,7 +703,7 @@ static int capture_return (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, ffi_list_t* ffi_list, ffi_node_t* ff
 	}
 	if (HAWK_UNLIKELY(!r)) goto oops;
 
-	if (hawk_rtx_setrefval(rtx, (hawk_val_ref_t*)hawk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 1), r) <= -1) goto oops;
+	if (hawk_rtx_setrefval(rtx, (hawk_val_ref_t*)hawk_rtx_getarg(rtx, refidx), r) <= -1) goto oops;
 	return 0;
 
 oops:
@@ -733,8 +748,8 @@ static int fnc_call (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 	hawk_t* hawk = hawk_rtx_gethawk(rtx);
 	ffi_list_t* ffi_list;
 	ffi_node_t* ffi_node;
-	ffi_t* ffi = HAWK_NULL;
-	hawk_int_t ret = -1;
+	ffi_t* ffi;
+	hawk_int_t ret;
 
 	hawk_val_t* a2;
 	hawk_oocs_t fun;
@@ -749,6 +764,15 @@ static int fnc_call (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 
 	ffi_status fs;
 
+#define FNC_CALL_ARG_BASE 4
+
+	ret = -1;
+	ffi = HAWK_NULL;
+	fun.ptr = HAWK_NULL;
+	sig.ptr = HAWK_NULL;
+	a2 = HAWK_NULL;
+	a3 = HAWK_NULL;
+
 	/* ffi::call (ffi-handle, return-value, "function name", "signature", argument....); */
 	ffi_list = rtx_to_ffi_list(rtx, fi);
 	ffi_node = get_ffi_list_node_with_arg(rtx, ffi_list, hawk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 0), &ret);
@@ -762,6 +786,12 @@ static int fnc_call (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 		goto done;
 	}
 
+	if (hawk_count_oocstr(fun.ptr) != fun.len)
+	{
+		ret = set_error_on_ffi_list(rtx, ffi_list, HAWK_EINVAL,  HAWK_T("invalid function name - %.*js"), fun.len, fun.ptr);
+		goto done;
+	}
+
 	a3 = hawk_rtx_getarg(rtx, 3);
 	sig.ptr = hawk_rtx_getvaloocstr(rtx, a3, &sig.len);
 	if (HAWK_UNLIKELY(!sig.ptr))
@@ -770,12 +800,6 @@ static int fnc_call (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 		goto done;
 	}
 
-	if (hawk_count_oocstr(fun.ptr) != fun.len)
-	{
-		ret = set_error_on_ffi_list(rtx, ffi_list, HAWK_EINVAL,  HAWK_T("invalid function name - %.*js"), fun.len, fun.ptr);
-		goto done;
-	}
-
 	ffi = &ffi_node->ffi;
 	ffi->arg_count = 0;
 
@@ -815,13 +839,13 @@ static int fnc_call (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 		}
 
 		/* more items in signature than the actual argument */  
-		if (j >= hawk_rtx_getnargs(rtx) - 4) 
+		if (j >= hawk_rtx_getnargs(rtx) - FNC_CALL_ARG_BASE) 
 		{
 			ret = set_error_on_ffi_list(rtx, ffi_list, HAWK_EINVAL, HAWK_T("two few arguments for the argument signature"));
 			goto done;
 		}
 
-		if (add_ffi_arg(rtx, ffi_list, ffi_node, fmtc, _unsigned, hawk_rtx_getarg(rtx, j + 4), &ret) <= -1) goto done;
+		if (add_ffi_arg(rtx, ffi_list, ffi_node, fmtc, _unsigned, hawk_rtx_getarg(rtx, j + FNC_CALL_ARG_BASE), &ret) <= -1) goto done;
 		_unsigned = 0;
 		j++;
 	}
@@ -854,7 +878,7 @@ static int fnc_call (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 
 	ffi_call (&ffi->cif, FFI_FN(funx), &ffi->ret_sv, ffi->arg_values);
 
-	if (fmtc != FMTC_NULL && capture_return(rtx, ffi_list, ffi_node, fmtc, _unsigned, &ret) <= -1) goto done;
+	if (fmtc != FMTC_NULL && capture_return(rtx, ffi_list, ffi_node, fmtc, _unsigned, 1, &ret) <= -1) goto done;
 	ret = 0;
 
 done:
@@ -869,6 +893,9 @@ done:
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (sig.ptr) hawk_rtx_freevaloocstr(rtx, a3, sig.ptr);
+	if (fun.ptr) hawk_rtx_freevaloocstr(rtx, a2, fun.ptr);
+
 	hawk_rtx_setretval (rtx, hawk_rtx_makeintval(rtx, ret));
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -891,13 +918,10 @@ static int fnc_errmsg (hawk_rtx_t* rtx, const hawk_fnc_info_t* fi)
 
 static hawk_mod_fnc_tab_t fnctab[] =
 {
-/*
- * TODO: implement ffi::_call() that calls in the current module without open...
-	{ HAWK_T("_call"),     { { 3, A_MAX, HAWK_T("rv") }, fnc_call, 0 } }, */
 	{ HAWK_T("call"),      { { 4, A_MAX, HAWK_T("vrv") },  fnc_call,     0 } },
 	{ HAWK_T("close"),     { { 1, 1, HAWK_NULL },  fnc_close,     0 } },
 	{ HAWK_T("errmsg"),    { { 0, 0, HAWK_NULL },  fnc_errmsg,    0 } },
-	{ HAWK_T("open"),      { { 1, 1, HAWK_NULL },  fnc_open,      0 } },
+	{ HAWK_T("open"),      { { 0, 1, HAWK_NULL },  fnc_open,      0 } },
 };
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
diff --git a/hawk/samples/Makefile.in b/hawk/samples/Makefile.in
index 62e199ef..e2515d70 100644
--- a/hawk/samples/Makefile.in
+++ b/hawk/samples/Makefile.in
@@ -351,7 +351,6 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
-runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@
diff --git a/hawk/t/Makefile.in b/hawk/t/Makefile.in
index 88dcf61c..7ffd0539 100644
--- a/hawk/t/Makefile.in
+++ b/hawk/t/Makefile.in
@@ -557,7 +557,6 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
-runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@
diff --git a/hawk/tools/Makefile.in b/hawk/tools/Makefile.in
index d8eb9b32..d6d3f2f4 100644
--- a/hawk/tools/Makefile.in
+++ b/hawk/tools/Makefile.in
@@ -328,7 +328,6 @@ pdfdir = @pdfdir@
 prefix = @prefix@
 program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
 psdir = @psdir@
-runstatedir = @runstatedir@
 sbindir = @sbindir@
 sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
 srcdir = @srcdir@